scholarly journals Experimental Tree Planting on U.K. Containment Landfill Sites: Results of 10 Years’ Monitoring

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-172
Author(s):  
Andy Moffat ◽  
Kirsten Foot ◽  
Fiona Kennedy ◽  
Martin Dobson ◽  
Geoff Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
White Poplar ◽  
Silver Maple ◽  
Growth And Nutrition ◽  
Landfill Sites ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Set Up

A series of experiments was set up in England in the early 1990s on five containment landfill sites engineered to modern standards to test the relative performance of 14 native and nonnative woodland tree species. This article describes the results of monitoring their survival, growth, and nutrition over a 10-year period. The experiments demonstrated that several species, notably ash, whitebeam, white poplar, and wild cherry, can usually be established on landfill sites with survival rates comparable to other brownfield sites. Despite general site infertility, growth of many tree species (for example, ash, beech, English oak, sycamore, Italian alder, silver maple, white poplar, and whitebeam) was similar to that expected on greenfield sites in the locality of the landfill sites. As well as infertility, soil droughtiness and mammal browsing were identified as limiting tree performance of particular species on some sites. After 10 years, there was no evidence of interaction with landfill containment systems or landfill gas.

scholarly journals Social-Ecological Transformation Through Planting Mixed Tree Species on Abandoned Agricultural Land in the Hills of Nepal

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-93
Author(s):  
Bishnu Hari Pandit ◽  
Netra Kumari Aryal ◽  
Hans-Peter Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Transformative Change ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
Village Women ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Local Ecology

AbstractA project entitled, “Building village economies through climate farming & forest gardening” (BeChange) was implemented in four municipality areas of the Tanahun and Lamjung districts of Nepal from May 2015. In order to assess changes in the social-ecological system that result from this project targeting abandoned agricultural lands, this case study was conducted using various methods: triad grouping, GPS point surveys, household surveys, focus group discussions (FGDs), field observation and reports. A participatory approach in reforestation on abandoned agricultural land with introduction of carbon credits has become a new livelihood strategy for local communities. It has not only attracted domestic and international tourists, but also helped to conserve biodiversity and local ecology. This activity also united village women and indigenous communities as triad groups for collaborative outcomes. A total of 42,138 seedlings of mixed tree species such as Michelia champaca, Elaeocarpus ganitrus, Bassia butyraceae, Bauhinia purpurea, and Cinnamon tamala were planted by 276 families on abandoned agricultural land between May 2015 and July 2018. However, as of 2020, this range has expanded to include 635 families with plantations of more than 65,000 seedlings. The set-up and maintenance of these forest gardens were financed with advanced payments for the carbon sink services of the planted trees. Farmers who succeeded with tree survival rates above 80% received an additional yearly carbon sink payment. The outcomes of the project show significant improvements in food security and tree biodiversity in the project villages. Of the total sampled households, almost half (45%) were under extreme poverty and had food sufficiency for only 3 months/year before the project. With the project, this percentage dropped to 22%, signals the emergence of seeds for transformative change.

Experiments on the flow of heat in liquid helium below 0.7 °K

1958 ◽  
Vol 246 (1246) ◽  
pp. 390-405 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Liquid Helium ◽  
Free Path ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Mean Free Path ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Low Pressures ◽  
Measured Thermal Conductivity

A series of experiments has been performed to study the steady flow of heat in liquid helium in tubes of diameter 0.05 to 1.0 cm at temperatures between 0.25 and 0.7 °K. The results are interpreted in terms of the flow of a gas of phonons, in which the mean free path λ varies with temperature, and may be either greater or less than the diameter of the tube d . When λ ≫ d the flow is limited by the scattering of the phonons at the walls, and the effect of the surface has been studied, but when λ ≪ d viscous flow is set up in which the measured thermal conductivity is increased above that for wall scattering. This behaviour is very similar to that observed in the flow of gases at low pressures, and by applying kinetic theory to the problem it can be shown that the mean free path of the phonons characterizing viscosity can be expressed by the empirical relation λ = 3.8 x 10 -3 T -4.3 cm. This result is inconsistent with the temperature dependence of λ as T -9 predicted theoretically by Landau & Khalatnikov (1949).

Overstory treatment and planting season affect survival of replacement tree species in emerald ash borer threatened Fraxinus nigra forests in Minnesota, USA

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1728-1738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher E. Looney ◽  
Anthony W. D’Amato ◽  
Brian J. Palik ◽  
Robert A. Slesak
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Group Selection ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Fraxinus Nigra ◽  
Black Ash

Fraxinus nigra Marsh. (black ash) wetland forests in northern Minnesota, USA, are threatened by the invasive insect, emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (EAB)). A potential management option is promoting regeneration of tree species that are not EAB hosts to maintain ecosystem functions. Using an operational-scale field experiment, we examined the survival of 12 alternative tree species in response to different canopy treatments. We planted the seedlings in 1.6 ha plots assigned to four replicated canopy treatments: untreated control, group selection (0.04 ha gaps, 20% of stand), black ash girdling to emulate EAB-induced mortality, and clearcut. Fall and spring plantings were used to compare the effects of spring ponding. Control (32.9%), group selection (34.5%), and girdling (33.3%) treatments had comparable overall seedling survival. Survival in the clear-cut treatments was significantly lower (22%). Species selection, overstory treatment, and season of planting together resulted in survival rates ranging from 0.08% to 94.1%. Conifer species had low overall rates of survival (10.7%), whereas some species with native ranges not presently overlapping with northern F. nigra forests, e.g., Quercus bicolor Willd. (75.5%), had high survival rates. If growth is light-limited, group selection may be effective in promoting recruitment and supporting a larger variety of species.

Concrete Fatigue Life Characteristics of the Different Survival Rates in the Lateral Pressure Conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 600 ◽  
pp. 250-255
Author(s):  
Qiang Cai ◽  
Ji Ming Kong ◽  
Ze Fu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Survival Curve ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Life Distribution ◽  
Fatigue Design ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Fatigue Equation ◽  
Two Parameter

Under cyclic loading of concrete structures, fatigue failure is the main failure modes of fatigue, which has become the fatigue design of concrete structure must be considered, then the concrete fatigue studies must clarify the fatigue life of concrete under different survival curve S-N curve. Based on the statistics of the two parameter Weibull distribution theory, obtain the concrete under different survival rates of fatigue life distribution, namely to improve survival, reduce the fatigue life; stress level is reduced, the fatigue life is increased; and has set up more than 50% under different survival rates of concrete fatigue equation.

Influence of the chemical composition of table salt on gemolysis

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-462
Author(s):  
A. Tselischeva
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Set Up

To find out the influence of the chemical composition of salt on hemolysis, the authors set up a series of experiments with titration of hemolytic sera and complement, and tested a number of physiological NaCl solutions used in the laboratories of Moscow.

scholarly journals Initial Survival and Development of Planted European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Small-Leaved Lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) Seedlings Competing with Black Cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.)

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 677
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Hasstedt ◽  
Peter Annighöfer
Keyword(s):  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Tilia Cordata ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Light Gradient ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L

Black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) is considered one of the most invasive tree species in central Europe and causes problems for both nature conservation and silviculture. Besides mechanical control treatments, a suggested control method to prevent its ongoing spread is to underplant shade-tolerant native tree species. Therefore, we combined two mechanical treatments, with underplanting of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) or small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) on fenced and unfenced plots. After the first growing season, survival rates were evaluated, and selected seedlings were destructively harvested to analyze their growth performance and leaf morphology in association with the different light regimes resulting from mechanical treatments Survival rates for both seedlings were very high (>95%). Survival rates were higher on fenced plots than on unfenced plots, most likely as result of browsing. The mortality of F. sylvatica decreased with increasing light availability on fenced plots. The mortality of T. cordata did not change along the light gradient. After one vegetation period no differences with respect to biomass allocation could be detected along the light gradient. However, the specific leaf areas of both species responded similarly, decreasing with increasing light availability. In summary, both species were able to establish and survive in the dense P. serotina understory and might have the potential to outcompete the invasive alien species in the long run.

Towards an understanding of population change for the long-lived resprouting tree Angophora inopina (Myrtaceae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Tierney
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Fire Frequency ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Population Modelling ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Soil Seed Banks ◽  
Rates Of Growth

In fire-prone habitats some long-lived tree species appear resilient to fire. However, fire frequency may affect recruitment patterns. This study investigates the reproductive features of the long-lived tree species Angophora inopina Hill in recognised priority conservation areas with a high fire frequency. Plants exhibit high survival rates when burnt and respond to fire events with high rates of growth, flowering and seed set. Aged capsules on plants contain few seeds but released seeds germinate readily, suggesting high viability, low dormancy and limited seed storage in aerial or soil seed banks. Population modelling indicates that the species will be resilient to low recruitment levels in the short term. However, over the long term, population structure is significant in determining the ability of the population to respond to recruitment cues. Thus, understanding and monitoring population structural change is a priority for this species.

Simultaneous effects of reintroduction strategy and seed size on the initial development of two tropical tree species in an abandoned eucalyptus plantation

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 439
Author(s):  
Julie Christine Scaloppi ◽  
Andréa Lúcia Teixeira de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantation ◽  
Hymenaea Courbaril ◽  
Stem Size ◽  
Direct Sowing

Seedling planting is the most common strategy used to reintroduce tropical native tree species; however, direct sowing has simplicity and operational ease advantages. Functional traits such as seed size and growth rates have been shown to be relevant for better plant performance. We evaluated the effects of intraspecific variation in seed size and the reintroduction strategy simultaneously on the development of Hymenaea courbaril (L.) and Enterolobium timbouva (Mart.) introduced in an abandoned eucalyptus plantation over 462 days. Plants from small, medium and large seeds were reintroduced by planting seedlings and direct seeding. Both species achieved high rates of emergence and survival was high in the two reintroduction strategies. Seed size was not related to emergence and mean time to emergence for either species. The survival of both species was higher than 74% in the field, and seed size had little effect on survival rates. In general, H. courbaril plants introduced by direct sowing had higher growth, and seed size correlated positively with stem size. In contrast, the growth of E. timbouva plants introduced by seedling planting was higher than in plants introduced by direct sowing regardless of seed size. The light requirements of this species seem higher than for H. courbaril. Our results suggest the feasibility of reintroducing species by direct sowing in eucalyptus understory, but since plant growth varies between species, there may be a balance between the advantage of the initial plant size provided by planting seedlings and the advantage of a better root development provided by direct sowing.

Effect on Water Leak of Tiled Roofs by Wind Flow Over Japanese Residence

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoru Okamoto
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Wind Flow ◽  
Leak Test ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Artificial Rainfall ◽  
Water Leak ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Set Up

This paper describes a water leak test of roof tiles. The 100 roof tiles were set up on 10 lines and 10 rows on the pitched roof in the downstream of the flow from the wind tunnel. The flow velocity was increased gradually from the low velocity to the high velocity, and the effects of the wind on the roof tiles were investigated by the water leak test. The situation of the water leak test was filmed by video camera. Two accelerometers were simultaneously used. The roof tiles which showed significant vibration at any velocity were found in a series of experiments and the accelerometers were attached to the two neighboring roof tiles on the model roof. The water leak phenomena in the experiment by using the artificial rainfall apparatus are discussed in this paper. Some mechanisms with relatively large amplitudes at low-frequency vibrations, which caused water leak phenomena were made clear.

A Case Study of Developing SEMI PV Standards in Taiwan (2009~2014)

2017 ◽  
Vol 870 ◽  
pp. 231-236
Author(s):  
Shu Tsung Hsu ◽  
Yean San Long ◽  
Teng Chun Wu
Keyword(s):  
Task Force ◽  
Photovoltaic Cell ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Technical Committee ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Cell Module

This work aims to analysis the SEMI PV standards developed in Taiwan during 2009 to 2014. The major technical committee (TC) and task force (TF) include Photovoltaic Technical Committee (2009), Photovoltaic Module Vibration TF (2010), Photovoltaic Cell Vibration TF (2011), Package Performance TF (2012), OPV and DSSC TF (2013), BIPV TF (2013) and Reliability TF (2014). ITRI coordinated these TFs to set up a series of experiments and discussions, which focused on the performance evaluation for PV cell, module and materials. The TFs have developed four standards include SEMI PV23 (2011), SEMI PV38 (2012), SEMI PV56 (2014) and SEMI PV57 (2014). Through these standardizations, some specific test methods and test flows were completed to evaluate the reliability for both c-Si and organic/inorganic PV products, which are helpful to improve the performances of cell and module, and propose the common testing guidelines for PV industry to refer to when desired.

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