scholarly journals Mulching of Ornamental Trees: Effects on Growth and Physiology

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-162
Author(s):  
Francesco Ferrini ◽  
Alessio Fini ◽  
Piero Frangi ◽  
Gabriele Amoroso
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
First Year ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Growth Differences ◽  
Ornamental Trees

Two organic mulching materials applied to newly planted Tilia × europaea and Aesculus × carnea trees were evaluated for effects on tree growth and physiology. Both mulches were efficient in maintaining a cleared area around newly planted trees, although pine bark was more durable than coarse compost from mixed green material. Trees mulched with compost generally had greater height, trunk diameter, and current-year shoot growth. Differences were more evident in the first year in Aesculus and in the second year in Tilia. Mulching with compost increased carbon assimilation of linden leaves in 2005 when compared with pine bark and chemical weeding. Both mulching materials increased transpiration of horsechestnut in 2005. Little effect on gas exchange was found in 2006 in both species. However, because mulched trees were larger with longer shoots, whole plant leaf gas exchange was probably greater. Mulching had very limited effects on chlorophyll fluorescence. Results of this project have shown that mulching materials applied around trees after planting can positively affect tree growth without significantly affecting tree physiology.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON CARBON GAIN IN ALSTROEMERIA

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 649e-649
Author(s):  
E.D. Leonardos ◽  
M.J. Tsujita ◽  
B. Grodzinski ◽  
T.J. Blom
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Leaf Transpiration ◽  
Whole Plant

Leaf and whole plant gas exchange (net photosynthesis Pn, dark respiration Dr, transpiration Tr, and resistance R) of `Jacqueline' Alstroemeria, grown in pots inside a greenhouse, were measured under lab conditions using an openflow and a semi-closed system respectively. Temperature responses of apical fully expanded leaves, on flowering and non-flowering shoots, showed an optimum range for net photosynthesis (Pn) from 15 to 20 °C. Above 25 °C Pn dropped considerably as temperature increased. Leaf transpiration rates over the same range of temperature showed a similar decrease, indicating that low leaf Pn rates at higher temperatures were due in part to increased stomatal resistance. Whole plant photosynthetic response to temperature was similar to that of leaf gas exchange. The optimum temperature range for whole plant Pn was from 12 to 17 °C. These results show that moderately low temperatures are essential for carbon assimilation and efficient water use in Alstroemeria. Temperature interactions with other environmental factors will also be presented in models describing Pn rates as a function of irradiance, CO2 concentration, and temperature.

scholarly journals Leaf Gas Exchange and Oxidative Stress in Sorghum Plants Supplied with Silicon and Infected by Colletotrichum sublineolum

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (9) ◽  
pp. 892-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Sousa Resende ◽  
Fabrício Ávila Rodrigues ◽  
Paulo Cezar Cavatte ◽  
Samuel Cordeiro Vitor Martins ◽  
Wiler Ribas Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Colletotrichum Sublineolum ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Carbon Assimilation Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Considering the economic importance of anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum, and silicon (Si) to enhance sorghum resistance against this disease, this study aimed to investigate the effect of this element on leaf gas exchange and also the antioxidative system when infected by C. sublineolum. Plants from sorghum line CMSXS142 (BR 009 [Tx623] – Texas), growing in hydroponic culture with (+Si, 2 mM) or without (–Si) Si, were inoculated with C. sublineolum. Disease severity was assessed at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days after inoculation (dai) and data were used to calculate the area under anthracnose progress curve (AUAPC). Further, the net carbon assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance to water vapor (gs), internal-to-ambient CO2 concentration ratio (Ci/Ca), and transpiration rate (E); the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR); the electrolyte leakage (EL), and the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined. The AUAPC was reduced by 86% for the +Si plants compared with the –Si plants. The values of A, gs, and E were lower upon inoculation of –Si plants in contrast to inoculated +Si plants with decreases of 31 and 60% for A, 34 and 61% for gs, and 27 and 57% for E, respectively, at 4 and 8 dai. For the noninoculated plants, there was no significant difference between the –Si and +Si treatments for the values of A, gs, and E. The Ci/Ca ratio was similar between the –Si and +Si treatments, regardless of the pathogen inoculation. The activities of SOD, CAT, APX, and GR tended to be higher in the +Si plants compared with the –Si plants upon inoculation with C. sublineolum. The EL significantly increased for –Si plants compared with +Si plants. The MDA concentration significantly increased by 31 and 38% at 4 and 8 dai, respectively, for the –Si plants compared with the +Si plants. Based on these results, Si may have a positive effect on sorghum physiology when infected by C. sublineolum through the maintenance of carbon fixation and also by enhancing the antioxidant system, which resulted in an increase in reactive oxygen species scavenging and, ultimately, reduced damage to the cell membranes.

scholarly journals Size of Vegetation Free Area Affects Nonbearing Pecan Tree Growth

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1298-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Smith ◽  
Becky S. Cheary ◽  
Becky L. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Carya Illinoinensis ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growth Differences ◽  
Circle Diameter ◽  
Free Area

Newly planted pecan (Carya illinoinensis Wangenh. C. Koch cv. Kanza) trees were grown for 5 years in a bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] sod with vegetation-free circles 0, 0.91, 1.83, 3.66, or 7.32 m in diameter. Trees were irrigated and fertilized to minimize growth differences associated with competition from the bermudagrass. There were no differences in trunk diameter among treatments the first 2 years of the study. During the next 3 years, trunk diameter increased curvilinearly as the vegetation-free circle increased. A vegetation-free circle diameter of 1.83 m produced near maximum tree growth. Although trunk diameter improved slightly as the vegetation-free diameter was increased up to 7.32 m, it was not sufficient to justify the additional expense for herbicides nor exposure of unprotected soil to erosion.

scholarly journals Cool Orchard Temperatures or Growing Trees in Containers Can Inhibit Leaf Gas Exchange of Avocado and Mango

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony W. Whiley ◽  
Christopher Searle ◽  
Bruce Schaffer ◽  
B. Nigel Wolstenholme
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Quantum Yields ◽  
Light Saturation ◽  
Lower Maximum ◽  
Root Restriction ◽  
Stressed Field

Leaf gas exchange of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) and mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees in containers and in an orchard (field-grown trees) was measured over a range of photosynthetic photon fluxes (PPF) and ambient CO2 concentrations (Ca). Net CO2 assimilation (A) and intercellular partial pressure of CO2 (Ci) were determined for all trees in early autumn (noncold-stressed leaves) when minimum daily temperatures were ≥14 °C, and for field-grown trees in winter (cold-stressed leaves) when minimum daily temperatures were ≤10 °C. Cold-stressed trees of both species had lower maximum CO2 assimilation rates (Amax), light saturation points (QA), CO2 saturation points (CaSAT) and quantum yields than leaves of noncold-stressed, field-grown trees. The ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm) was ≈50% lower for leaves of cold-stressed, field-grown trees than for leaves of nonstressed, field-grown trees, indicating chill-induced photoinhibition of leaves had occurred in winter. The data indicate that chill-induced photoinhibition of A and/or sink limitations caused by root restriction in container-grown trees can limit carbon assimilation in avocado and mango trees.

Photosynthesis in a desert tree is driven by the highest light and temperature

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphna Uni ◽  
Efrat Sheffer ◽  
Gidon Winters ◽  
Tamir Klein
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Arid Ecosystem ◽  
Acacia Tortilis ◽  
Living Tree ◽  
Physiological Processes

<p>Among living tree species, <em>Acacia raddiana</em> (Savi) and <em>Acacia tortilis</em> (Forssk), species of the legume family, populate some of the hottest and driest places on earth. Our research investigates the physiological processes underlying the unique survival of these trees in their extreme environmental conditions. We measured Acacia trees in their natural habitat once a month for two years to unravel the photosynthesis dynamics and water relations. Leaf gas exchange and leaf water potential were measured, as well as atmospheric and soil parameters. Daily and annual gas-exchange curves showed higher carbon assimilation during noon and in summer, when temperature and radiation were maximal (44°C, 2000 µmol m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>), and the air was dry (21% RH). Additionally, we found that the maximum rate of carbon assimilation was at PAR (photosynthetic active radiation) of 3000 µmol m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>. Our results suggest that water did not drive net carbon assimilation but rather light and temperature, which are already close to their maximum in our hyper-arid ecosystem.</p>

scholarly journals GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF MAGNOLIA GRANDFLORA HORT. `ST, MARY' IN RESPONSE TO CONTAINER VOLUME AND SHIFTING TREATMENTS

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1083g-1083
Author(s):  
Chris A. Martin ◽  
Dewayne L Ingram ◽  
Terril A. Nell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Medium ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
First Year ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Large Container

Trees were grown for 2 years as a function of three container volumes (10, 27, and 57 liter) the first year and six shifting treatments (10 liter both years, 10 to 27 liter, 10 to 57 liter, 27 liter both years, 27 to 57 liter, or 57 liter both years) the second year when containers were spaced 120 cm on center, Height and caliper were greatest for magnolias grown in 27- or 57-liter containers both years. Caliper was greater for trees shifted from 10-liter containers to the larger container volumes compared to trees grown in 10-liter containers both years, Trees grown in 10-liter containers both years tended to have few roots growing in the outer 4 cm at the eastern, southern, and western exposures in the grow medium, During the second year, high air and growth medium temperatures may have been primary limiting factors to carbon assimilation during June and August. Using large container volumes to increase carbon assimilation and tree growth may be even more important when daily maximum air temperatures are lower during late spring or early fall compared to midsummer.

Seasonal variation of carbon assimilation in mango (cv. Kensington Pride): effect of flowering treatments

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alonso González ◽  
S. J. Blaikie
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
The Tropics

In the tropics of northern Australia the mango cultivar Kensington Pride exhibits erratic flowering and fruiting and low productivity. Two treatments to manipulate flowering were applied. The first, mango flowering treatment (MFT), involved cutting a cincture through the bark around the circumference of the tree trunk and tying into the cincture a length of twine soaked in a solution of morphactin, CF125. The second involved applying paclobutrazol (PBZ) as a soil drench around the trunk of the tree. Phenology, leaf gas exchange, and fruit yield were assessed over 2 seasons in 3 separate groups of trees in commercial orchards near Darwin.Both MFT and PBZ supported earlier and/or more intense flowering in the season of application than did control trees. The PBZ was re-applied annually and the beneficial effect on flowering occurred in successive years. The MFT was applied once only at the start of the experiment and the effect of MFT was not evident in the second season.The effect of MFT on gas exchange was characterised by a severe reduction in net carbon assimilation (Amax), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration (E) for up to 4 months following treatment. Trees receiving PBZ generally had higher rates of leaf gas exchange than MFT trees but similar to control trees. During the dry season, leaves of MFT, control, and PBZ trees had similar rates of Amax. In the year of application, chlorophyll content of MFT trees was lower than that of the other treatments, but in the second year it was very similar to control trees. PBZ trees had the highest chlorophyll content during the study. Commercial fruit yield of PBZ-treated trees was 2–3 times higher than that of control or MFT trees. Independent of the flowering treatments, Amax followed a seasonal trend with an average rate of 9.05 μmol/m2.s (min. 4.42, max. 13.2) during the wet season (January–April), and 4.2 μmol/m2.s (min. 1.11, max. 8.7) during the dry season (May–October). Regression analysis demonstrated that 82% of the variation in gs and 76% of the variation in Amax could be explained by the effect of vapour pressure deficit of the leaf (VPDL) in field-grown mango trees.

scholarly journals GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF MAGNOLIA GRANDFLORA HORT. `ST, MARY' IN RESPONSE TO CONTAINER VOLUME AND SHIFTING TREATMENTS

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1083G-1083
Author(s):  
Chris A. Martin ◽  
Dewayne L Ingram ◽  
Terril A. Nell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Medium ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
First Year ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Large Container

Trees were grown for 2 years as a function of three container volumes (10, 27, and 57 liter) the first year and six shifting treatments (10 liter both years, 10 to 27 liter, 10 to 57 liter, 27 liter both years, 27 to 57 liter, or 57 liter both years) the second year when containers were spaced 120 cm on center, Height and caliper were greatest for magnolias grown in 27- or 57-liter containers both years. Caliper was greater for trees shifted from 10-liter containers to the larger container volumes compared to trees grown in 10-liter containers both years, Trees grown in 10-liter containers both years tended to have few roots growing in the outer 4 cm at the eastern, southern, and western exposures in the grow medium, During the second year, high air and growth medium temperatures may have been primary limiting factors to carbon assimilation during June and August. Using large container volumes to increase carbon assimilation and tree growth may be even more important when daily maximum air temperatures are lower during late spring or early fall compared to midsummer.

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