scholarly journals Comparison of Structural and Noncompacted Soils for Trees Surrounded by Pavement

2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 164-169
Author(s):  
E. Thomas Smiley ◽  
Lisa Calfee ◽  
Bruce Fraedrich ◽  
Emma Smiley
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Soil Mixture ◽  
Compacted Soil ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Ulmus Parvifolia ◽  
Gravel Soil ◽  
Useful Life ◽  
Urban Planting

Trees in areas surrounded by pavement often have inhospitable rooting environments, which shorten their useful life expectancy. This trial was established to compare five different soil treatment options under pavement. Snowgoose cherry (Prunus serrulata) and Bosque lacebark elm (Ulmus parvifolia) were planted into 5.4 m 3(189 ft 3) of medium containing compacted soil, gravel/soil mixture, Stalite, Stalite/soil mixture, or noncompacted soil and covered with concrete. A variety of growth and health parameters were measured after 14 months. It was found that there was more trunk diameter growth with the noncompacted treatment than the Stalite and Stalite/soil treatments; more twig growth in the noncompacted and gravel/soil treatments than all others; higher relative chlorophyll rating in the noncompacted treatment than all others; and more root growth in the noncompacted treatment (elms only). Suspended pavement over noncompacted soils provided the greatest amount of tree growth and health and should be considered when designing urban planting sites for trees.

scholarly journals Patterns of Survival Among Patients With Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Diagnosed in Sweden From 1973 to 2008: A Population-Based Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (24) ◽  
pp. 2995-3001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malin Hultcrantz ◽  
Sigurdur Yngvi Kristinsson ◽  
Therese M.-L. Andersson ◽  
Ola Landgren ◽  
Sandra Eloranta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Relative Survival ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Over Time

PurposeReported survival in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) shows great variation. Patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF) have substantially reduced life expectancy, whereas patients with polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) have moderately reduced survival in most, but not all, studies. We conducted a large population-based study to establish patterns of survival in more than 9,000 patients with MPNs.Patients and MethodsWe identified 9,384 patients with MPNs (from the Swedish Cancer Register) diagnosed from 1973 to 2008 (divided into four calendar periods) with follow-up to 2009. Relative survival ratios (RSRs) and excess mortality rate ratios were computed as measures of survival.ResultsPatient survival was considerably lower in all MPN subtypes compared with expected survival in the general population, reflected in 10-year RSRs of 0.64 (95% CI, 0.62 to 0.67) in patients with PV, 0.68 (95% CI, 0.64 to 0.71) in those with ET, and 0.21 (95% CI, 0.18 to 0.25) in those with PMF. Excess mortality was observed in patients with any MPN subtype during all four calendar periods (P < .001). Survival improved significantly over time (P < .001); however, the improvement was less pronounced after the year 2000 and was confined to patients with PV and ET.ConclusionWe found patients with any MPN subtype to have significantly reduced life expectancy compared with the general population. The improvement over time is most likely explained by better overall clinical management of patients with MPN. The decreased life expectancy even in the most recent calendar period emphasizes the need for new treatment options for these patients.

scholarly journals Evaluation of New Oomycota Fungicides for Management of Phytophthora Root Rot of Citrus in California

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Hao ◽  
Morgan A. Gray ◽  
Helga Förster ◽  
James E. Adaskaveg
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Navel Orange ◽  
Phytophthora Root Rot ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Orange Trees

Phytophthora root rot, caused by several species of Phytophthora, is an important disease of citrus in California and other growing regions. For chemical management, mefenoxam and potassium phosphite have been available for many years, and resistance in Phytophthora spp. has been reported for both compounds. We evaluated the efficacy of the new Oomycota fungicides ethaboxam, fluopicolide, mandipropamid, and oxathiapiprolin, each with a different mode of action, against Phytophthora root rot of citrus in field and greenhouse studies. Root balls of navel orange trees on ‘Carrizo citrange’ rootstock were inoculated with P. nicotianae at planting in the field in fall 2013. Applications with 11 fungicide treatments were made 5 weeks after planting, in spring and fall 2014, and in spring 2015. Feeder roots and adjacent soil were collected before or after application. All of the new fungicides significantly reduced root rot incidence and Phytophthora soil populations to very low levels as compared with the control starting after the first application. Mefenoxam was only effective when a high label rate was used in the fourth application. Selected treatments also increased tree canopy size, trunk diameter, and fruit yield as compared with the control. A rate comparison with the four new fungicides was initiated in summer 2016 in another field trial using navel orange trees inoculated with P. citrophthora. Minimum effective rates to reduce Phytophthora root rot incidence and pathogen soil populations were determined after one and two applications in fall 2016 and summer 2017, respectively. Greenhouse studies confirmed the efficacy of the new fungicides. Based in part on our studies, fluopicolide recently received a federal and oxathiapiprolin a full registration for use on citrus, and registrations for ethaboxam and mandipropamid have been requested. These new compounds will provide highly effective treatment options and resistance management strategies using rotation and mixture programs for the control of Phytophthora root rot of citrus.

scholarly journals A review of the treatment landscape in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria: where are we now and where are we going?

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 263300402095934
Author(s):  
Morag Griffin ◽  
Richard Kelly ◽  
Alexandra Pike
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria ◽  
Complement Cascade ◽  
Future Treatments

Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is an ultra-orphan disease, which until 15 years ago had limited treatment options. Eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits C5 in the terminal complement cascade, has revolutionised treatment for this disease, near normalising life expectancy and improving quality of life for patients. The treatment landscape of PNH is now evolving, with ravulizumab a second longer acting intravenous C5 inhibitor now licenced by the FDA and EMA. With different therapeutic targets in the complement cascade and difference modalities of treatment, including subcutaneous, oral and intravenous therapies being developed, increasing independence for patients and reducing healthcare requirements. This review discusses the current and future therapies for PNH. Lay summary Review of current and future treatments for patients with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria What is Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria? Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is a very rare disease. It arises from PNH stem cells in the bone marrow. In a normal bone marrow these are inactive; however, if there has been a problem in the bone marrow, the PNH stem cells can expand and make PNH red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. The problem with these cells is that they lack the cell surface markers that usually protect them. Red blood cells are broken down in the circulation rather than the spleen, which gives rise to PNH symptoms such as abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing, erectile dysfunction and red or black urine (known as haemoglobinuria). The white blood cells and platelets are ‘stickier’ increasing the risk of blood clots. Previously life expectancy was reduced as there were limited treatment options available. What was the aim of this review? To provide an overview of current and future treatment options for PNH Which treatments are available? • Eculizumab is an treatment given through a vein (intravenous) every week for 5 weeks then every 2 weeks after this, and has been available for 13 years, improving life expectancy to near normal. • Ravulizumab is a newer intravenous treatment similar to eculizumab but is given every 8 weeks instead of every 2 weeks. In clinical studies it was comparable with eculizumab. • Future Treatments - There is new research looking at different methods of treatment delivery, including injections under the skin (subcutaneous) that patients can give themselves, treatments taken by mouth (oral) or a combination of an intravenous and oral treatment for those patients who are not optimally controlled on eculizumab or ravulizumab. What does this mean? PNH is now treatable. For years, the only drug available was eculizumab, but now different targets and drug trials are available. Ravulizumab is currently the only second licenced product available, in USA and Europe, there are other medications active in clinical trials. Why is this important? The benefit for patients, from treatment every 2 weeks to every 8 weeks is likely to be improved further with the development of these new treatments, providing patients with improved disease control and independence. As we move into an era of more patient-friendly treatment options, the PNH community both physicians and patients look forward to new developments as discussed in this article.

Prostate Cancer

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 650 ◽  
Author(s):  
_ _
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Prostate Cancer Therapy ◽  
Recent Version ◽  
Sound Data

To properly identify and treat patients with prostate cancer, physicians must have an in-depth understanding of the natural history and diagnostic, staging, and treatment options. Prostate cancer is a complex disease, with many controversial aspects of management and a dearth of sound data to support recommendations. Several variables must be considered in tailoring prostate cancer therapy to each individual patient. These guidelines provide a framework on which to base treatment decisions. Important changes to the guidelines since last publication include the introduction of Principles of Life Expectancy Estimation table and changes in recommendations for both hormone and chemotherapy. For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org

scholarly journals Life Expectancy in Pleural and Peritoneal Mesothelioma

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Shavelle ◽  
Kate Vavra-Musser ◽  
Jessica Lee ◽  
Jordan Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Peritoneal Mesothelioma ◽  
National Cancer Database ◽  
Rare Cancer ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Regression ◽  
Proportional Hazards Regression ◽  
Major Factors

Background. Mesothelioma is a rare cancer with a historically dire prognosis. We sought to calculate life expectancies for patients with pleural or peritoneal mesothelioma, both at time of diagnosis and several years later, and to examine whether survival has improved in recent years. Methods. Data on 10,258 pleural and 1,229 peritoneal patients from the SEER US national cancer database, 1973–2011, were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results. The major factors related to survival were age, sex, stage, grade, histology, and treatment. Survival improved only modestly over the study period: 0.5% per year for pleural and 2% for peritoneal. Conclusions. Life expectancies were markedly reduced from normal, even amongst 5-year survivors with the most favorable characteristics and treatment options.

scholarly journals Soil-applied ZnEDTA: Vegetative Growth, Nut Production, and Nutrient Acquisition of Immature Pecan Trees Grown in an Alkaline, Calcareous Soil

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Walworth ◽  
Scott A. White ◽  
Mary J. Comeau ◽  
Richard J. Heerema
Keyword(s):  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Carya Illinoinensis ◽  
Additional Benefit ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
The Third ◽  
Nut Production ◽  
Root Tissues

A field study was conducted to evaluate efficacy of soil-applied zinc (Zn) fertilizer on young pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] trees growing in alkaline, calcareous soils. Chelated Zn ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (ZnEDTA) was applied at rates of 0, 2.2, or 4.4 kg·ha−1 of Zn via injection into irrigation water (fertigation) in microsprinkler irrigated ‘Western’ and ‘Wichita’ trees. Over the 5-year duration of the study, leaf Zn levels were increased from 22 to 35 µg·g−1 in the highest rate of ZnEDTA treatment compared with 7 to 14 µg·g−1 in unfertilized trees. Zn concentrations in shoot and root tissues were also elevated in Zn-treated trees. Zn treatments largely eliminated visible Zn deficiency symptoms, and increased trunk diameter growth compared with untreated trees. Nut yield (in the third through fifth seasons) were also increased as a result of Zn fertilization. No additional benefit in terms of trunk diameter growth or nut yield was observed by adding a higher rate of Zn (4.4 kg·ha−1) vs. the lower rate (2.2 kg·ha−1). ‘Western’ and ‘Wichita’ trees responded similarly to Zn fertigation.

scholarly journals Effect of Cyclic Irrigation on Growth of Magnolias Produced Using Five In-ground Systems

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-152
Author(s):  
R. C. Beeson ◽  
K. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Irrigation Event ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Magnolia Grandiflora ◽  
Ground Systems

Abstract Five in-ground systems were evaluated based on shoot growth and marketability for the production of 2.17 m (7 ft) tall and 5.08 cm (2 in) trunk diameter Magnolia grandiflora cv. ‘Symmes Select’. Systems evaluated were Root Control Bags, Geo-Cell bags, and #25 containers in pot-in-pot in Experiment 1, and Agro-liners in socket pots and directly in-ground in Experiment 2. Each system was either cyclically irrigated or given a single irrigation event daily. In Experiment 1, cyclic irrigation increased the rate of height growth and trunk diameter compared to a single irrigation. Trees in Root Control Bags and pot-in-pot grew at a similar rate and faster than those in Geo-Cell bags. Faster growth rates with cyclic irrigation resulted in earlier marketability compared to single irrigation daily, except for pot-in-pot. In Experiment 2, cyclic irrigation increased the rate of trunk diameter growth, and Agro-liners in pots had greater height and trunk diameter growth rates than those directly in ground. Trees grown in the in-ground pot systems, whether in Agro-liners or black polyethylene containers, grew similarly to trees in Root Control Bags. Trees grown in Geo-cells or Agro-liners in-ground had significantly slower growth than the other treatments.

scholarly journals The hemodialysis prescription and quality-adjusted life expectancy. Renal Physicians Association Working Committee on Clinical Guidelines.

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1004-1020
Author(s):  
J C Hornberger
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Chronic Hemodialysis ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
High Flux ◽  
Treatment Standards ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
National Cooperative ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life ◽  
Dialytic Treatment

What comprises an optimal prescription for uremictoxin clearance in the chronic hemodialysis setting is a much disputed issue. The dispute is underscored by the rise in mortality of the U.S. dialysis population during the 1980s and reports of significant noncompliance with minimal treatment standards recommended from the National Cooperative Dialysis Study. A decision model was developed to summarize and test assumptions about the effect of various dialytic-treatment options on patient outcomes. Treatment options included delivered fractional urea clearance (Kt/V), dialysis-treatment duration, dialysis membrane (high flux versus conventional), dialysate (bicarbonate versus acetate), and ultrafiltration (controlled versus uncontrolled). The expected outcome for any set of treatment options was calculated as a function of a representative patient's life expectancy, adjusted for the probability and assumed importance of avoiding uremia- and treatment-related complications, referred to as quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE). QALE increased by 59 days for each 0.1-U increase in Kt/V and by 187 days with high-flux dialysis. Controlled ultrafiltration with bicarbonate dialysis increased QALE by 30 days compared with uncontrolled ultrafiltration with acetate dialysis. Sensitivity analyses showed that, under conservative assumptions, QALE increased 11 days for every 0.1 increment in Kt/V. The model afforded a framework for reviewing the literature and testing assumptions about the expected benefits of dialytic-treatment options for the development of a clinical guideline on the adequacy of dialysis.

scholarly journals Numerical Simulation Study on Compression Characteristics of Gravelly Soil Mixture Based on Soft Servo Method

Geofluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Yu Ning ◽  
Qingfu Huang ◽  
Chong Shi ◽  
Qingxiang Meng
Keyword(s):  
Internal Friction ◽  
Failure Mode ◽  
Friction Angle ◽  
Internal Friction Angle ◽  
Cohesive Force ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Soil Mixture ◽  
Gravel Soil ◽  
Coupling Algorithm ◽  
Discontinuous Coupling

Because of complex mechanical properties and deformation mechanism, gravel soil mixture is an important medium of concern in the field of geotechnical engineering. Based on the continuous-discontinuous coupling algorithm formed by the structure shell elements and the particle discrete element method (PFC3D), the soft servo loading of the sample is realized, and the typical triaxial compression test data are used to calibrate mesoscale parameters. Furthermore, the numerical tests under different rock contents and confining pressure are carried out. The change rule of shear strength of mixed medium is discussed. It shows that the continuous-discontinuous coupling algorithm achieves a good effect in reflecting the deformation process. Under the mechanism of the flexible servo, the failure mode of the sample takes on drum-failure mode, and the internal of the damaged sample forms an obvious asymmetric X-shaped shear band. With the increase of stone content, the internal friction angle and cohesive force distribution of the sample have certain discreteness, but on the whole, the internal friction angle and cohesive force increase with the increase of stone content. The results can provide a reference for the parameter determination of mixed mediums such as gravel soil.

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