scholarly journals Managing Calico Scale (Hemiptera: Coccidae) Infestations on Landscape Trees

2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 138-147
Author(s):  
Jamee Hubbard ◽  
Daniel Potter
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Control Soil ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Horse Farms ◽  
Calico Scale ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Landscape Trees ◽  
Reduced Risk

Calico scale, Eulecanium cerasorum (Cockerell), an invasive pest of shade trees, has reached outbreak levels in landscapes and on horse farms in Kentucky, U.S. We evaluated efficacy and timing of conventional and reduced-risk foliar insecticides as well as trunk-injected or soil-applied systemics for managing E. cerasorum. Acephate, bifenthrin, carbaryl, cyfluthrin, and pyriproxyfen killed young settled crawlers on individually sprayed shoots. Whole-canopy pyrethroid sprays, however, gave <66% control, underscoring the difficulty of reaching settled crawlers within large shade trees. Horticultural oil and insecticidal soap were relatively ineffective even with full spray coverage. Preventive sprays with bifenthrin or pyriproxyfen in mid-May, at first egg hatch, intercepted crawlers before they settled on leaves. Dormant oil failed to control overwintered nymphs or reduce subsequent numbers of adults or crawlers. A plant antitranspirant applied in late March provided 33% suppression. Trunk-injected imidacloprid was ineffective, whereas dicrotophos (bidrin) gave at best <50% control. Soil injection with imidacloprid in November, December, or March failed to reduce subsequent densities of adults on branches or crawlers on leaves. Reasons why it is difficult to eliminate calico scale in mature landscape trees are discussed in the context of the pest’s feeding sites and behavior.

scholarly journals Effects of the Insect Growth Regulators Novaluron and Diflubenzuron on the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine L. Kamminga ◽  
Thomas P. Kuhar ◽  
Adam Wimer ◽  
D. Ames Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Nymphal Stage ◽  
Biosynthesis Inhibitors

The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive pest from China that causes economic damage to field crops, vegetables, and tree fruit. Due to its destructive potential, applications of broad-spectrum insecticides have escalated. Researchers are trying to identify options for controlling BMSB that have less of a negative impact on non-target species. Chitin biosynthesis inhibitors are more selective than the commonly used pyrethroids and organophosphates. They are active on the larval stage of the insect and are reported as having sublethal effects such as reducing adult fecundity. In our studies, bioassays were completed with chitin biosynthesis inhibitors novaluron and diflubenzuron to evaluate the effectiveness of these insecticides on adult mortality, nymphal growth, adult fecundity, and egg hatch. Our data indicate that treatments of novaluron at 362.2 g ai/ha or diflubenzuron at 280.2 g ai/ha effectively controlled BMSB nymphs. However, the insecticides were not effective at reducing egg hatch, adult fecundity, or adult life span. If novaluron or diflubenzuron are used in agriculture for BMSB control, then the nymphal stage should be targeted. Accepted for publication 9 November 2012. Published 12 December 2012.

Infochemicals: An effective and environment friendly management of insect pests for sustainable agriculture

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (02) ◽  
pp. 218-224
Author(s):  
Joni Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Chemical Substance ◽  
Host Finding ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Trail Marking ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Transfer Of Information ◽  
And Behavior

Chemical signals and cues have been collectively called semiochemicals or infochemicals referring to “a chemical substance, which in a natural context, is implicated in the transfer of information from one individual to other that results certain behavioral and physiological changes in response in one or both. Infochemicals that mediate interactions between members of the same species are collectively referred to as pheromones, and can be classified as sex pheromone, aggregation pheromone, alarm pheromone, trail marking pheromone on the basis of their functions etc. Allelochemicals are also infochemicals which cause an insect to respond interspecifically. They include a more number of chemicals than pheromones, and can be grouped into: allomones, kairomones, apneumones and synomones. The idea of infochemicals using for management of insect pests in agricultural, horticultural, forestry and storage has been a driving ambition through few decades of pheromone research. Several chemicals have been identified from insects that can be used in monitoring of native and invasive pest and also to protect the plants against herbivores. They can also be used as mass trapping, annihilation, and behavior manipulation of insect in host finding. Since these compounds are species specific, highly biodegradable and require in minute quantity, they could be exploited as green alternative to insecticides for ecofriendly management of insect pest for sustaining agriculture growth.

scholarly journals A Review of the Effects of Transplant Timing on Landscape Establishment of Field-grown Deciduous Trees in Temperate Climates

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa E. Richardson-Calfee ◽  
J. Roger Harris
Keyword(s):  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Landscape Establishment ◽  
Landscape Trees ◽  
Temperate Climates

Prudent landscape professionals can enhance chances for successful establishment by timing tree transplant operations to coincide with ideal seasonal conditions. However, transplant timing is usually determined by economic factors, resulting in trees being transplanted at times that are unfavorable for their survival and growth. Knowledge of the effects of season of transplanting on the establishment of landscape trees can help assure the highest probability of success, especially since special post-transplant management may be required if trees are transplanted at unfavorable times. This manuscript reviews past and current research on the effects of transplant timing on landscape establishment of deciduous shade trees. Specific results are summarized from several key studies.

scholarly journals Reducing Weeds in Ornamental Groundcovers under Shade Trees through Mixed Species Installation

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin F. Quigley
Keyword(s):  
Single Species ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Landscape Trees ◽  
Initial Coverage

Six durable but slow-to-establish groundcover species, and three fast-growing but short-lived groundcover species, were planted singly and in paired combinations under mature landscape trees to test for relative weed suppression. Installations were replicated on an urban site and a rural site, monitored for two growing seasons, and weeded periodically by hand. All weeds were dried and weighed, and subplot averages (160 observations) for each plant combination were tested by analysis of variance. Weeds were significantly fewer and smaller in the mixed species than in single species subplots. Weed biomass was also significantly less in monospecific groundcover subplots than in unplanted control plots. These results suggest that reduced maintenance cost (and input) for weed control, along with better initial coverage appeal of the paired plantings, may increase marketability of perennial groundcovers.

scholarly journals Systemically Applied Insecticides for Treatment of Erythrina Gall Wasp, Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
Joseph Doccola ◽  
Sheri Smith ◽  
Brian Strom ◽  
Arthur Medeiros ◽  
Erica von Allmen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Emamectin Benzoate ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Landscape Trees

The erythrina gall wasp (EGW), believed native to Africa, is a recently described species and now serious invasive pest of Erythrina (coral trees) in tropical and subtropical locales. Erythrina are favored ornamental and landscape trees, as well as native members of threatened ecosystems. The EGW is a tiny, highly mobile, highly invasive wasp that deforms (galls) host trees causing severe defoliation and tree death. The first detection of EGW in the United States was in O´ahu, Hawai´i in April 2005. It quickly spread through the Hawai`ian island chain (U.S.) killing ornamental and native Erythrina in as little as two years. At risk are endemic populations of Erythrina as well as ornamental landscape species in the same genus, the latter of which have already been killed and removed from O´ahu at a cost of more than USD $1 million. Because EGW are so small and spread so quickly, host injury is usually detected before adult wasps are observed, making prophylactic treatments less likely than therapeutic ones. This study evaluates two stem-injected insecticides, imidacloprid (IMAjet ®) and emamectin benzoate, delivered through Arborjet Tree I.V.® equipment, for their ability to affect E. sandwicensis (wiliwili) canopy demise under severe EGW exposure. IMA-jet, applied at a rate of 0.16 g AI/cm basal diameter (0.4 g AI/in. dia.), was the only effective treatment for maintaining canopy condition of wiliwili trees. Emamectin benzoate, applied at a rate of ~0.1 g AI/cm basal diameter (~0.25 g AI/in. dia.), was not effective in this application, although it was intermediate in effect between IMA-jet and untreated trees. The relatively high concentrations of imidacloprid in leaves, and its durability for at least 13 months in native wiliwili growing on a natural, dryland site, suggest that treatment applications against EGW can impact canopy recovery even under suboptimal site and tree conditions.

scholarly journals Impact of the Argemone mexicana Stem Extracts on the Reproductive Fitness and Behavior of Adult Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. IJIS.S19006
Author(s):  
Radhika Warikoo ◽  
Sarita Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Reproductive Fitness ◽  
Oviposition Deterrent ◽  
Dengue Vector ◽  
Argemone Mexicana ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Benzene Extract

Present investigations evaluated the impact of Argemone mexicana stem extracts on the reproductive fitness of dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, assessed in terms of oviposition deterrent and ovicidal potential. The oviposition deterrent studies of the extracts, prepared using petroleum ether, hexane, benzene, acetone, and ethanol as the solvents, revealed the maximum deterrence potency of the petroleum ether extracts with a significant 15.6% ED at 60 ppm rising by 83.8% at 1000 ppm to 99.4% effective deterrence (ED). Other stem extracts were found to be ineffective at 60 ppm, though resulted in 85.3–96.2% ED and diminished fecundity in A. aegypti at 1000 ppm. Further, A. mexicana stem extracts exhibited moderate ovicidal potential against A. aegypti eggs causing only 42.65–67.85% egg mortality at 1000 ppm, the lowest hatch of 32.15% caused by the benzene extract. Other stem extracts also failed to express effective ovicidal potency with the percent egg hatch ranging between 96.6 and 99.0 at 400 ppm, and 78.8 and 99.0 at 600 ppm. Our results suggest the significant but variable efficacy of A. mexicana stem extracts causing reproductive disadvantage in A. aegypti.

scholarly journals Semiochemical and Communication Ecology of the Emerald Ash Borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silk ◽  
Mayo ◽  
Ryall ◽  
Roscoe
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Ecology ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Olfactory Receptors ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Conformational Space ◽  
Structural Motif ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Mate Finding ◽  
Communication Ecology ◽  
And Behavior

Knowledge of buprestid chemical ecology is sparse but the appearance of the invasive pest Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire in North America has provided the impetus to study in detail the semiochemistry and ecology of this important buprestid. The macrocyclic lactone (3Z)-12-dodecenolide [(3Z)-lactone] is identified as a key antennally-active compound that is produced by females and attracts males. Though a weak trap attractant alone, when combined with the host kairomone (3Z)-hexenol and the important visual cue of a green canopy trap, significant increases in male trap capture occur, thus defining (3Z)-lactone as both a sex pheromone of A. planipennis as well as the first and only known buprestid pheromone. The non-natural stereoisomer (3E)-12-dodecenolide and the saturated analog, 12-dodecanolide also exhibit mimetic activities towards male A. planipennis, suggesting a notable plasticity in this pheromonal structural motif. Efficient synthetic routes to these compounds have been developed. A series of fluoro-12-dodecanolides has also been synthesized containing CF2 groups as a strategy to bias the conformational space accessed by these macrolides and to assess if the analogs may act as mimetics for 12-dodecanolide pheromones associated in A. planipennis. These compounds also afford a unique opportunity to study the binding affinities of lactone surrogates with A. planipennis chemosensory proteins and olfactory receptors. Some progress has also been made in identifying the genes involved in the reception, processing and degradation of volatiles in this invasive insect. It is now evident that the behavior and ecology of A. planipennis involves a complex pattern of sensory modalities, including visual, tactile, olfactory and potentially acoustic components. Earlier reviews focused on studies of attractive host volatiles in development of a trapping system for early detection and visual and contact phenomena in A. planipennis mate finding. This review will update the semiochemistry and chemical ecology of A. planipennis and discuss studies on chemistry and behavior that have identified female-produced pheromone components and host kairomones.

Corythucha ciliata (sycamore lace bug).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernie Dominiak ◽  
Peter Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Plane Tree ◽  
Pest Insect ◽  
Lace Bug ◽  
The World ◽  
Sycamore Lace Bug

Abstract C. ciliata, the sycamore lace bug, is a highly invasive pest insect of plane (sycamore) trees (Platanus sp.). It is likely that its spread is facilitated by human activity, particularly vehicles along major transport routes. Maceljski (1986) states that these insects are "good fliers", but most authors (e.g. Wade, 1917) suggest that their delicate wings make them weak fliers and that human activity is more likely to lead to the spread of this species. The occurrence of plane tree hosts will limit the distribution of C. ciliata, but as these trees are widely planted throughout the world in streets and parks as ornamental shade trees, there is considerable scope for their further advance.

scholarly journals Light and mild redux: heated tobacco products’ reduced exposure claims are likely to be misunderstood as reduced risk claims

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. s87-s95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Popova ◽  
Lauren Kass Lempert ◽  
Stanton A Glantz
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Philip Morris ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Reduced Risk

IntroductionHeated tobacco products (HTPs) are being marketed in several countries around the world with claims that they are less harmful than combusted cigarettes, based on assertions that they expose users to lower levels of toxicants. In the USA, Philip Morris International (PMI) has submitted an application to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2016 seeking authorisation to market its HTPs, IQOS, with reduced risk and reduced exposure claims.MethodsWe examined the PMI’s Perception and Behavior Assessment Studies evaluating perceptions of reduced risk claims that were submitted to the FDA and made publicly available.ResultsQualitative and quantitative studies conducted by PMI demonstrate that adult consumers in the USA perceive reduced exposure claims as reduced risk claims.ConclusionThe data in the PMI modified risk tobacco product IQOS application do not support reduced risk claims and the reduced exposure claims are perceived as reduced risk claims, which is explicitly prohibited by the FDA. Allowing PMI to promote IQOS as reduced exposure would amount to a legally sanctioned repeat of the ‘light’ and ‘mild’ fraud which, for conventional cigarettes, is prohibited by the US law and the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

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