Sexual harassment, pregnancy discrimination, and power harassment

2020 ◽  
pp. 267-282
Author(s):  
Fiona Creaser
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Workplace Bullying ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Pregnancy Discrimination ◽  
Detailed Explanation ◽  
Different Types

Fiona Creaser brings to us in her chapter resources in how to recognize and respond to the very real difficulties that women can face in their workplaces in the form of sexual harassment, workplace bullying, and maternity harassment. Through a detailed explanation of these different types of harassment, the reader can understand the warning signs of such behaviors and risks. She also provides resources on how to navigate one’s way through the systems that are in place to help those in such situations.

Victim Precipitation and the Wage Gap

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon Cheng ◽  
Abigail Corrington ◽  
Mikki Hebl ◽  
Linnea Ng ◽  
Ivy Watson
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Workplace Bullying ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Victim Blaming ◽  
Target Characteristics

Cortina, Rabelo, and Holland (2018) accurately cite the general public's overuse of victim precipitation ideologies, or the notion that victims engage in actions that directly bring about their unfortunate circumstances. These ideologies also have permeated industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology and the study of people in the workplace (e.g., women's choice in clothing leads to sexual harassment, certain target characteristics and actions incite workplace bullying). We agree with Cortina et al. that this ideology unintentionally benefits the perpetrator by placing blame and responsibility for nonoptimal workplace situations directly on the target. The field of I-O psychology needs to move away from this model of victim blaming as a remediation for workplace disparities.

Social Media Bullying in the Workplace

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-89
Author(s):  
Marcia Marie Herron
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Workplace Bullying ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Online Surveys ◽  
Preventive Practices

Research has identified the prevalence and characteristics of workplace bullying, yet little research has specifically considered workplace cyberbullying. Therefore, in the present study, 49 employees across U.S. workplaces completed online surveys about workplace cyberbullying. Findings suggested that cyberbullying occurred across ethnicities and ages and more frequently reported by women. Women were also more often cyberbullying perpetrators. Cyberbullying persisted from a few days, 43%, to more than a year, 22%. Most reported bullying by more than one coworker, M = 2.41 (6.27), yet only in one workplace. Most victims had no warning signs that cyberbullying would arise. Many reported substantially decreased motivation and productivity from the cyberbullying. Despite known best preventive practices and costs of workplace bullying, most workers believed their companies lacked clear steps for reporting cyberbullying; of those who reported, most felt unsafe doing so, and many, 43%, indicated that reporting did not stop the cyberbullying.

Predicting Sexual Harassment From Hostile Sexism and Short-Term Mating Orientation: Relative Strength of Predictors Depends on Situational Priming of Power Versus Sex

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Diehl ◽  
Jonas Rees ◽  
Gerd Bohner
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Gender Harassment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Unwanted Sexual Attention ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Power Priming ◽  
Practical Implications

Previous research has shown that short-term mating orientation (STMO) and hostile sexism (HS) selectively predict different types of sexual harassment. In a priming experiment, we studied the situational malleability of those effects. Male participants could repeatedly send sexist jokes (gender harassment), harassing remarks (unwanted sexual attention), or nonharassing messages to a (computer-simulated) female target. Before entering the laboratory, participants were unobtrusively primed with the concepts of either sexuality or power. As hypothesized, sexuality priming strengthened the link between STMO and unwanted sexual attention, whereas power priming strengthened the link between HS and gender harassment. Practical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ON THE CONSTRUCTION AND FUNCTIONS OF A WATER CLOCK

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (07) ◽  
pp. 300-308
Author(s):  
Dhairya Kataria ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Detailed Explanation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Alternate Model ◽  
History Of

This study examines the workings of a water clock and attempts to formulate alternatives while retaining the basic principles of Torricellis law. There is thorough discussion on the history of water clocks, their different types and the apparatus required to model the functioning prototype. This is followed by a detailed explanation of the procedure undertaken for the construction of the alternate model. In the interpretation and results section, readings and observations measured through 18 different experiments are tabulated through charts and graphs, leading up to a summarized discussion in the conclusion.

Driver Eye Scanning of Warning Signs on Rural Highways

1981 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut T. Zwahlen
Keyword(s):  
Recording System ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Warning Sign ◽  
Corneal Reflection ◽  
Rural Highways ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Test Driver ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Scanning Behavior ◽  
Instrumented Vehicle

Eye scanning recordings were made for two drivers on a eight mile section of a rural hilly two-lane highway. Data was collected in both directions (total 66 warning signs). Nighttime data (with low beams) was also collected for one of the drivers. An instrumented vehicle with a corneal reflection technique television eye scanning recording system was used. Eye scanning behavior when approaching warning signs was analyzed for situations where there was no other traffic visible to the test driver. The results of this exploratory study suggest that: 1) drivers look practically at every warning sign, 2) drivers look on the average about 2.3 times at a warning sign, 3) the average first look distances for daytime and nighttime are about 450’ (137m) or about 7 seconds away from the warning signs, 4) the first look distances expressed as percentages of the maximum warning sign sight distances appear to be slightly larger for the nighttime condition than for the daytime condition (nighttime average 83%, daytime average 65%), 5) the fixation durations for looking at the warning signs during nighttime are considerably longer than during daytime (daytime average 0.45 seconds, nighttime average 0.75 seconds), and 6) different types of warning signs and warning sign arrangements appear to influence a driver's eye scanning behavior.

scholarly journals The Predictors of Awareness of Sexual Abuse and Sexual Violence in the Media and the Influence on Actions of the Individuals

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Engie Frentzen ◽  
Doris Reisacher ◽  
Elmar Brähler ◽  
Miriam Rassenhofer ◽  
Jörg M. Fegert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Media

Introduction: The number of reportings on sexual abuse (SA), sexual violence (SV) cases covered in the media has risen a significant amount with most cases involving women and children. The aim of the study is to explore the questions: Are people aware of sexual abuse and sexual violence in the media? What are the predictors of awareness of sexual abuse and sexual violence? Does the awareness of sexual abuse and sexual violence in the media affect the actions of the individuals?Methods: A representative survey of the German-speaking resident population (2020) on physical and mental well-being was used. The participants (N = 2,503: females = 50.9%) were between the ages of 14 and 97 (M = 49.81). The German version of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, The General Habitual Well-Being Questionnaire and questions about own experiences of sexual harassment on the internet, experiences of domestic sexual abuse and different socio-economic variables were used. The outcome variables regarding the awareness of SA and SV in the media, different types of scandals (church, pedophile, USA), #MeToo-debate and the change in actions were used. Frequency analyses and binary regressions were conducted.Results: One thousand five hundred and fifty-five (62.6%) respondents answered yes to being aware of SA and SV in the media. The results show that females, aging, number of children in household, Protestant and Catholic religion, school graduation, own experience(s) of sexual harassment on the internet, own experience(s) of SA in childhood, and Adverse Childhood Experiences have a significant higher association to the awareness of SA and SV in the media. German nationality and Muslim religion have a significant lower association. The variables that most commonly affected the awareness of SA and SV, scandals, debate and the individual actions were age, own experiences of sexual harassment on the internet and the Protestant religion.Conclusion: Advertising more support centers, hotlines and linking this information to sexual abuse cases covered in the media should be considered. Media bystander interventions could be helpful to train people to react appropriately. Further investigation that considers the different types of media and its influence on the awareness of SA and SV is needed.

scholarly journals Assessing the Threat of Violent Employees

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Workplace Bullying ◽  
Work Related ◽  
The World ◽  
Good Risk Assessment ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Good Risk

Conflict in the workplace is not a new phenomenon. Almost every worker, anywhere in the world will have encountered a colleague who is unfriendly, unpleasant and even hostile. However, there are occasions when an employee goes beyond those levels and they are aggressive, menacing and dangerous. This paper will explore the very rare incidents of work-related murder as well as the much more common low levels of violence, sexual harassment and workplace bullying. It will discuss the importance of good risk assessment and actions to be taken when such behaviour occurs.

scholarly journals Perception of students regarding sexual harassment

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1257
Author(s):  
Sarita Dubey ◽  
Tanima Verma ◽  
Suman Lata ◽  
Trupti Bharti ◽  
Shams Tavrej ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Sexual Pressure

Background: Sexual harassment means unwanted sexually determined behavior such as physical contacts and advances, making sexual derogative comments, and sexual pressure whether by verbal or -nonverbal actions. Young female adults are most vulnerable to harassment and violence towards them. Despite of high literacy levels young female adults show tendency to tolerate harassment and delay in early identification of warning signs, leading to sexual harassment. Therefore, it becomes very important to understand how the students perceive different types of sexual harassment. Objective of the study was to assess the perception of undergraduate girl students regarding Sexual Harassment.Methods: A descriptive, cross sectional survey design on 100 female undergraduate students from the King George’s Medical University of Lucknow, India was undertaken using convenient sampling technique. The data were collected from 15th May to 15th June 2018. A self structured perception questionnaire developed by researchers was used.Results: The data gathered from the study suggests that majority (81%) of the participants responded that sexual harassment is related to all unwelcome sexual behaviour, 72% of the participants feel most afraid of sexual harassment during night, and 83% of the participants responded that the most probable place for sexual harassment is public transport. 91% of the participants believed that the incidences of the sexual harassment has increased in the last 10 years and majority (81%) of the participants didn’t had knowledge of any legal provisions regarding sexual harassment.Conclusions: The data shows that the definition of sexual harassment can differ according to individual’s perception. To understand how people perceive and define sexual harassment is crucial for explaining and understanding how they react to sexual harassment and why they often do not stand up against sexual harassment.

The double punch of workplace bullying/harassment leading to depression: legal and other measures to help South African employers ward off a fatal blow

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Maria (Denine) Smit
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
South African ◽  
Workplace Violence ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Workplace Bullying ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
National Development ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
International Labour Organisation

ABSTRACT Sadly, in addition to being cutting-edge, the modern-day workplace is also increasingly cut-throat, having become a breeding ground for interpersonal violence, including bullying and (sexual) harassment. In South Africa, the country's notorious problem with violence in broader society is perhaps partly to blame. Yet, when workplace bullying/harassment intersects with employee depression, this could be a double punch with which very few workplaces are able to cope. The issue of workplace violence undoubtedly requires attention: from the 1944 Declaration of Philadelphia to the 2019 International Labour Organisation Recommendation 206 and Convention 190 call for a world of work free from violence and harassment. South Africa's National Development Plan, too, confirms every person's right to a working life that is conducive to productivity and embraces freedom, equality, human dignity and security. Nevertheless, South African employers and lawmakers remain sluggish in their response. This article adds momentum to the process (i) by defining workplace violence, and bullying and (sexual) harassment as forms thereof; (ii) by discussing the double punch of bullying/harassment and depression; and (iii) by establishing whether the South African legal framework sufficiently provides for bullied and harassed employees, particularly also those who consequently/already suffer from depression. Bullying is not recognised as a cause of action under South African law, and the Code of Good Practice on the Handling of Sexual Harassment Cases in the Workplace 2005, while commendable, has no legal force. Furthermore, although depression may be seen as a disability in certain circumstances requiring reasonable accommodation from the employer, not all instances qualify. Recommendations are made to overcome these and other lacunae in the legal framework. However, since it will take more than laws and codes to ward off the double punch of workplace bullying/harassment and depression, additional measures are proposed, at both the levels of society and employers. Keywords: Depression; bullying; workplace violence; dignity; employees; harassment.

Refinement of Twinned Structures with SHELXL97

1998 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Herbst-Irmer ◽  
G. M. Sheldrick
Keyword(s):  
Warning Signs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Difference

Four examples of the refinement of twinned structures are discussed. These structures illustrate three different types of twins: twinning by merohedry, pseudo-merohedry and non-merohedral twins. How the twinning was detected, how the structures were solved and how they were refined are shown in this paper. The difference between a refinement as a disordered model and a twinned model is illustrated. Sometimes the twin law was necessary to solve the structure, while in the other examples the twinning was first recognized during refinement of the structures. Finally, a list of `characteristic warning signs' is presented which are indicative of possible twinning.

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