scholarly journals Сравнение на прозодичните особености на клитичния комплекс в съобщителни и въпросителни изречения в българския език / A Comparison of the Prosodic Features of the Clitic Cluster in Bulgarian Declarative and Interrogative Sentences

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (67.03) ◽  
pp. 112-121
Author(s):  
Hristiana Krasteva
Keyword(s):  
Prosodic Features ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Short Forms ◽  
Dative Case ◽  
Wh Questions ◽  
Clitic Clusters ◽  
Comparison And Analysis ◽  
Auxiliary Verb

This article provides a comparison between some cases of the realization of the cli-tic cluster (the short forms of the personal pronouns in the accusative and the dative case and the forms of the verb ‘to be’ in copulative sentences and sentences where ‘to be’ is used as an auxiliary verb) in wh-questions and declarative sentences. The main goal is to study the prosodic and intonational features of these sentences from a clitic cluster’s perspective. In order to achieve this, the author uses comparison and analysis of the structures and their tonic graphs. The study focuses on examples of double realization of interrogative markers (with the addition of the question particle li) in relation to the prosodic organization. Cases of negation (with the addition of the negation particle ne) are touched upon in brief. Keywords: prosody, intonation, prosodic organization, wh-questions, clitics, clitic clusters, negation

scholarly journals The use of the auxiliary verb in 2nd person singular perfect verbal forms in Old Russian documents of the 14–16th centuries

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Waraczewski
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
Auxiliary Verb ◽  
Synthetic Form

The article analyses 2nd person singular perfect forms in a collection of Old Russian documents of the 14–16th centuries. The main focus is placed on their formal aspects and the transition from an analytic to synthetic form. The process itself is well-known, yet it still lacks a detailed description and fully explained reasons for its occurrence. The author, providing statistical data on the use of the auxiliary verb byti and explicitly expressed subject, proves its great regularity. There is a strong dependence between the two items and usually only one of them is applied with perfect constructions. This shows that the function of the auxiliary verb has been completely changed and in the period described it played only the role of a person indicator. Thus, it became redundant when the use of personal pronouns was increased. All the exceptions to this rule are scarce and can be explained with factors of a syntactical or extra-linguistic character. The author’s assumptions are confirmed with statistical data and examples taken from spiritual and contractual charters of grand princes and appanage princes in the XIV–XVI centuries.

scholarly journals The Use of Contracted Forms of Albanian Language in Electronic Media Texts

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
Flamur SHALA ◽  
Xhafer BEQIRAJ
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Media ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Short Forms ◽  
Indirect Object ◽  
The Third ◽  
Dative Case ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Third Person

The contracted forms of literary Albanian are of dative case of all persons singular and plural and of the accusative case in the third person singular and plural. In certain syntactic constructions they merge and thus form connected contracted forms. When used near each other, the first is dative, while the second is accusative. Their use according to the norm are correct. Their topic in the sentence is arranged and a linguist or a lecturer should not miss the omissions in texts with short, separate, or connected forms. On the contrary, we encounter misuses of short forms of Albanian in texts of published and electronic media. They are incorrectly used in some syntactic constructions, marked by case in case, one by one. Contracted form locations and their referral to a different pronoun or name as a repetition of an object appear to be harmonized with the respective forms as an object or its repetition. They are placed in front of the verb forms of each tense. Except in imperative they have a double topic. The contracted forms during usage in the dative and accusative cases directly mark direct or indirect object. The contracted forms of the first and second person singular and plural, in the dative case, are often used to mark directly the indirect object. (p. 226) The misuse of the contracted forms is more common in the third person of the dative case when i.e. singular (i) is used instead of plural (u). We also encounter the incorrect use of the contracted forms of the second person plural of the dative case (juve) you instead of (atyre u). This research reveals the wrong use of contracted forms in the texts of some electronic media (portals) in Pristina and Tirana.

scholarly journals Indonesian University Students’ Common Mistakes when Formulating Interrogative Sentences with ‘Wh-questions’

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Rentauli Mariah Silalahi
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Correct Order ◽  
Wh Questions ◽  
Meaningful Sentence ◽  
The Right ◽  
Auxiliary Verb ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

This study investigated the most common mistakes university students made when formulating interrogative sentences using the ‘Wh-questions: Who, What, Whom, Which, Whose.’ The research was initiated by the researcher’s curiosity when finding out that students in IIE university (pseudonym) frequently made mistakes when trying to ask questions using the ‘Wh-question’ in almost every occasion; either in classrooms or in general lectures. The research which was conducted using descriptive qualitative method involving 60 university students as direct participants, who received some treatments found out that students’ most common mistakes were about choosing the right ‘Wh-question’ to form the question and to place every component that built the question in a correct order and the other mistakes were related to the right use of article, demonstrative, verb, an auxiliary verb, while little problem was related to a problem with diction and ability to make meaningful sentence. The study also found out that the IIE students made more mistakes than ever anticipated by Swan (1980) and that there was a close inseparable connection among all grammatical issues when composing any sentence in English.

scholarly journals Do Persian Native Speakers Prosodically Mark Wh-in-situ Questions?

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zohreh Shiamizadeh ◽  
Johanneke Caspers ◽  
Niels O. Schiller
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Sentence Type ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Prosodic Features ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Frequency Code ◽  
Production Experiment ◽  
Wh Questions ◽  
The One

It has been shown that prosody contributes to the contrast between declarativity and interrogativity, notably in interrogative utterances lacking lexico-syntactic features of interrogativity. Accordingly, it may be proposed that prosody plays a role in marking wh-in-situ questions in which the interrogativity feature (the wh-phrase) does not move to sentence-initial position, as, for example, in Persian. This paper examines whether prosody distinguishes Persian wh-in-situ questions from declaratives in the absence of the interrogativity feature in the sentence-initial position. To answer this question, a production experiment was designed in which wh-questions and declaratives were elicited from Persian native speakers. On the basis of the results of previous studies, we hypothesize that prosodic features mark wh-in-situ questions as opposed to declaratives at both the local (pre- and post-wh part) and global level (complete sentence). The results of the current study confirm our hypothesis that prosodic correlates mark the pre-wh part as well as the complete sentence in wh-in-situ questions. The results support theoretical concepts such as the frequency code, the universal dichotomous association between relaxation and declarativity on the one hand and tension and interrogativity on the other, the relation between prosody and pragmatics, and the relation between prosody and encoding and decoding of sentence type.

Persuasive language and features of formality on the r/ChangeMyView subreddit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daria Dayter ◽  
Thomas C. Messerli
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Formal Language ◽  
Systematic Variation ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Persuasive Discourse ◽  
Wh Questions ◽  
N Gram

Abstract The paper investigates formal language in persuasive discourse on the r/ChangeMyView subreddit. We collected a corpus of 100 million messages, split into subcorpora based on the user-awarded marker delta, which rewards changing an original poster’s view. Assuming that formality/informality is potentially an important factor in the persuasiveness of a message, we examine the two subcorpora with respect to formality markers. The results indicate no systematic variation along the formality/informality continuum between persuasive and non-persuasive posts on r/ChangeMyView. The posters use personal pronouns, suasive verbs, emphatics, imperatives, elaborate connectors and WH-questions with similar frequency, and express themselves using vocabulary and syntax of similar complexity. Moreover, keyword lists and n-gram rankings indicate no register difference. A qualitative analysis of concordance lines for persuade and change PRONOUN view paints a picture of a community that values factual, evidence-based discourse and openness to logical persuasion, with a linguistic norm of relatively formal, sophisticated register.

Responses of Language-Disordered Children to Wh-Questions

1986 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha M. Parnell ◽  
James D. Amerman ◽  
Roger D. Harting
Keyword(s):  
Relative Difficulty ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Wh Questions

Nineteen language-disordered children aged 3—7 years responded to items representing nine wh-question forms. Questions referred to three types of referential sources based on immediacy and visual availability. Three and 4-year-olds produced significantly fewer functionally appropriate and functionally accurate answers than did the 5- and 6-year-olds. Generally, questions asked with reference to nonobservable persons, actions, or objects appeared the most difficult. Why, when, and what happened questions were the most difficult of the nine wh-forms. In comparison with previous data from normal children, the language-disordered subjects' responses were significantly less appropriate and accurate. The language-disordered children also appeared particularly vulnerable to the increased cognitive/linguistic demands of questioning directed toward nonimmediate referents. A hierarchy of wh-question forms by relative difficulty was very similar to that observed for normal children. Implications for wh-question assessment and intervention are discussed.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Long and Short Forms of the Worry Domains Questionnaire

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-243
Author(s):  
Roberto Nuevo ◽  
Andrés Losada ◽  
María Márquez-González ◽  
Cecilia Peñacoba
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Factorial Validity ◽  
Fit Indices ◽  
Short Forms ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Future Work

The Worry Domains Questionnaire was proposed as a measure of both pathological and nonpathological worry, and assesses the frequency of worrying about five different domains: relationships, lack of confidence, aimless future, work, and financial. The present study analyzed the factor structure of the long and short forms of the WDQ (WDQ and WDQ-SF, respectively) through confirmatory factor analysis in a sample of 262 students (M age = 21.8; SD = 2.6; 86.3% females). While the goodness-of-fit indices did not provide support for the WDQ, good fit indices were found for the WDQ-SF. Furthermore, no source of misspecification was identified, thus, supporting the factorial validity of the WDQ-SF scale. Significant positive correlations between the WDQ-SF and its subscales with worry (PSWQ), anxiety (STAI-T), and depression (BDI) were found. The internal consistency was good for the total scale and for the subscales. This work provides support for the use of the WDQ-SF, and potential uses for research and clinical purposes are discussed.

Short Forms of the WAIS-III

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Ryan ◽  
L. C. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Short Forms
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