scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of NaA Zeolite Using Natural Kaolinite Clays from Nigeria by Low Temperature Hydrothermal Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Ifedayo Joshua Akinruli ◽  
Seun Samuel Owoeye ◽  
Segun Michael Abegunde ◽  
Ayodeji E. Onipede ◽  
Ukoba Kingsley
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Kaolinite Clay ◽  
Zeolite Naa ◽  
Hydrothermal Transformation ◽  
Efficient Route ◽  
Synthetic Zeolites ◽  
Ft Ir

Zeolites NaA is one of the most valuable synthetic zeolites widely used as ion-exchange material, catalysts, and adsorbents in industry. There is therefore need to adopt a more energy-efficient route for its synthesis from low-cost and sustainable raw materials. In this present work, zeolites Na-A was synthesized from natural kaolinite clays obtained from three selected regions (Ikere, Okpella and Kankara) in Nigeria. The as-received kaolinite clays (IKclay, OKclay and KAclay) were initially beneficiated thoroughly to obtain pure powders (˂75 μm). The processed kaolinite clay powders were then subjected to heating in a muffle furnace at 850oC for 3 h at a heating rate of 10oC/min to convert the kaolinite clays to their respective metakaolins. The obtained metakaolins were then reacted with NaOH solutions at varying concentrations of 3.0 and 4.0M respectively using a low temperature hydrothermal transformation to obtained Zeolites Na-A powders. The obtained zeolites were then analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that zeolite NaA is produced with mixture of hydroxysodalite (HS) while the EDS revealed the presence of Si, Al, O and Na indicating chemical constituents of typical zeolite NaA. All the tested kaolinite clays are therefore suitable for preparation of zeolite NaA as cheaper source of silica and aluminum.

scholarly journals Diverse resourcing of Nerium indicum leaves for bio-utilization

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3 Part A) ◽  
pp. 1785-1793
Author(s):  
Dongli Ma ◽  
Yuanyuan Chen ◽  
Yong Lai ◽  
Zanpei Zhang ◽  
Ximei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Bioactive Ingredients ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Alcohol Benzene

Nerium indicum is an ornamental plant that is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions wordwide. It has toxic and medicinal properties which is closely related to the bioactive ingredients contained in Nerium indicum. In our research, the leaves of Nerium indicum was used as raw materials to study the chemical constituents and their effects. The chemical constituents of the leaves were analyzed by FT-IR and GC-MS with alcohol, benzene and acetone as organic solvents. A total of 73 compounds were obtained by acetone organic solvent, 25 compounds were extracted from benzene and 146 compounds were obtained from alcohol. Rich bioactive and bioenergy components were found in all three kinds of extract, suggesting that Nerium indicum leaves are of great significance for the diverse resourcing of bio-utilization including biomedicine, bioenergy, aroma, food additives.

Application of Response Surface Methodology for Improving the Yield of 1,5-bis(ptoluenesulfonyl)- 3,7-Dihydroxyoctahydro-1,5-Diazocine

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zou ◽  
Jingyi Fei ◽  
Liangzhe Chen ◽  
Qingfeng Dong ◽  
Houbin Li
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Ft Ir

Background: 3,3,7,7-tetrakis (difluoramino) octahydro-1,5-dinitro-1,5-diazocine (HNFX), as an important oxidizer in propellants, has received much attention due to its high density and energy. However, there are many difficulties that need to be solved, such as complex synthetic processes, low product yield, high cost of raw materials and complicated purification. In the synthesis of HNFX, the intermediate named 1,5-bis (p-toluenesulfonyl)-3,7-dihydroxyoctahydro-1, 5-diazocine (gem-diol), is difficult to synthesize. Methods: A simple method was used to synthesize the gem-diol. This prepared gem-diol was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, melting point and mass spectrometry. In order to increase the yield of gem-diol, response surface methodology (RSM) was introduced to optimize experimental conditions. Results: After the establishment of the model, the optimal conditions of synthesis were found to be 9.33h for reaction time, 6.13wt. % for the concentration of NaOH and 1.38:1 for ratio of ECH (p-toluenesulfonamide): TCA (epichlorohydrin). Under the optimal conditions, the experimental value and the predicted value of yield were 22.18% and 22.92%, respectively. Conclusion: 1,5-bis (p-toluenesulfonyl)-3,7-dihydroxyoctahydro-1,5-diazocine (gem-diol) can be synthesized using the low cost of chemical materials, including p-toluenesulfonamide, epichlorohydrin, sodium hydroxide and ethanol. Response surface methodology (RSM) is an effective method to optimize the synthesis process, thereby improving the yield of gem-diol.

Preparation of MoB2 Nanoparticles by Electrolysis of MoS2/B Mixture in Molten NaCl-KCl at 700 oC

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianglin Liu ◽  
Yongsong Ma ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Huayi Yin ◽  
Dihua Wang
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cell Voltage ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Carbon Anode ◽  
Electrolysis Cell ◽  
Green Process ◽  
Synthetic Process ◽  
Electrolysis Method

Abstract MoB2 is synthesized by the electrochemical reduction of solid MoS2/B mixture in molten NaCl-KCl at 700 oC. Unlike the traditional methods, the electrolysis method employs the low-cost MoS2 feedstock and the boronization reaction happens at a low temperature of 700 oC. The electrochemically induced boronization involves two steps: the electrochemical desulfurization to generate Mo and the reaction of Mo with B to form MoB2. The S2- released from the reduction of MoS2 transfers to the carbon anode and is oxidized to sulfur gas, realizing a green synthetic process. In addition, the influences of molar ratio of MoS2 and amorphous boron and electrolysis cell voltage on the phase composition and morphology of electrolytic products were studied. The obtained MoB2 particles possess a uniform nodular morphology. Overall, this paper provides a straightforward and green process to prepare MoB2 nanoparticles using economically affordable raw materials at low temperature, and this method can be extended to prepare other borides.

Physical and mechanical properties of polyurethane thermoset matrices reinforced with green coconut fibres

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (30) ◽  
pp. 4841-4852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Lamounier Faria ◽  
Laércio Mesquita Júnior ◽  
Ana Angélica Resende ◽  
Daiane Erika Lopes ◽  
Lourival Marin Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Coconut Fibre

Currently, the use of composites to replace parts made only with plastics has been gradually employed. The advantages of these composites are low cost, high availability of raw materials and good physical and mechanical properties. Thus, this work aimed at producing and characterizing composites produced with coconut fibre reinforced polyurethane matrices. The coconut fibres were studied as to their chemical constituents, aspect ratio, bulk density, pH, tensile properties, and surface SEM images. The composites were prepared using the hand lay-up process and four different concentrations of coconut fibre were evaluated: 30, 40, 50, and 60%. The composites were assessed as for water absorption after 20 days of immersion, bulk density, impact IZOD, tensile tests, and visualize the matrix-reinforcement interface using SEM. The electron micrographs showed a great deal of impurities on the surface of coconut fibres, such as greases, waxes, and gums, due to the high amount of extraction material (19.78%), which damages the adherence of the polymer onto the coconut fibre and, as observed, cause detachment between the reinforcement and the matrix. The tensile strength of the composites tended to increase as greater amounts of coconut fibres were added to the matrix. The averages were around 6.51 to 6.72 MPa for composites with 30 and 60% fibres, respectively. Therefore, coconut fibres can be considered as an alternative to synthetic fibres commonly used in composites, and they can be used at a ratio of 60% without prejudicing the properties of the composites, making them lighter and cheaper.

A functionalized tannin-chitosan bentonite composite with superior adsorption capacity for Cr(VI)

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongmin Li ◽  
Peng Zou ◽  
Junzhou Yang ◽  
Miaoyang Huang ◽  
Linye Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
System Part ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Xrd Patterns

AbstractA novel functionalized tannin-chitosan bentonite composite (TCBC) was successfully synthesized. The formation of the composite was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. The pHpzc of TCBC was 3.38. The influences such as pH, dosage of TCBC, temperature and initial Cr(VI) concentration on adsorption capacity were investigated. The experimental data indicated that the almost saturated adsorption of the TCBC towards Cr(VI) in 100 min. The maximum adsorption capacity was 262.08 mg/g at 333 K with initial pH = 2.5. The adsorption kinetics of Cr(VI) on TCBC followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The isothermal data were well described by the models of Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin. The results revealed that the adsorption of Cr(VI) on TCBC existed comprehensive effects and mainly belong to the chemisorption. The TCBC could keep good performances (qe = 192.17 mg/g) in five runs, 1 M NaOH was used as eluent for desorption, which showed a high desorption efficiency. Studies showed TCBC prepared with low cost and green raw materials, and simple green preparation technology had high adsorption capacity, good reusability and acidic tolerance. By exploring the Cr(VI)-Cr(III) hybrid system, part of Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) and adsorbed by TCBC. The optimal adsorption pH of Cr(III) was 5.0.

scholarly journals Preparation of low-cost ceramic membranes for microfiltration using sugarcane bagasse ash as a pore-forming agent

Cerâmica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (376) ◽  
pp. 620-625
Author(s):  
R. M. Andrade ◽  
N. G. Jaques ◽  
J. Sousa ◽  
R. P. S. Dutra ◽  
D. A. Macedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ceramic Membranes ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Thermal Stabilities ◽  
Kaolinite Clay ◽  
Major Disadvantage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash

Abstract Ceramic membranes are of great industrial interest in separation processes. They are characterized by high chemical and thermal stabilities and filtration capacity at high temperatures (>500 °C) in a wide range of pH values. However, the major disadvantage of ceramic membranes is the high-cost of production involving synthetic raw materials, usually alumina and zirconia. In this work, low-cost ceramic membranes were prepared by solid-state reactive firing using a mixture of kaolinite clay and sugarcane bagasse ash. Particle size distribution, thermal, mineralogical, and chemical composition analyses were carried out to study the raw materials. Technological properties and water permeability were investigated in samples fired between 800 and 1000 °C. The filtration efficiency was measured by comparative analyses between the raw water and the filtrate. The mean pore size ranging from 2.5 to 6.0 μm makes the sugarcane bagasse ash derived ceramic membranes suitable for microfiltration processes.

Water Absorbency Study of the Low-Cost Composite--Eupatorium adenophorum-Graft-Acrylic Acid/Acrylamide

2013 ◽  
Vol 634-638 ◽  
pp. 2098-2105
Author(s):  
Hai Bo Wen ◽  
Xin Gao ◽  
Heng Zhang ◽  
Ke Li Chen
Keyword(s):  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Water Absorbency ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Eupatorium Adenophorum ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ft Ir

In this study Eupatorium adenophorum was evaluated as potential raw materials for Water-Absorbent Composite (WAC) synthesized with acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AM) in aqueous medium. Factors, such as weight ratio of AA/AM to dry powdered Eupatorium adenophorum (DPEA), the amount of initiator and cross-linker, neutralization degree of AA, which influence water-absorbent capacity of WAC, were investigated. Additionally, the performances of WACs were appraised in term of water absorbency. The results showed that the nearly optimal WAC was obtained with absorbencies of 933 g/g in deionized water and 310 g/g in 0.9 wt% NaCl aqueous solution. Furthermore, the optimum super-absorbent has been proved with expectant polymerization structures and the morphological features via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM).

scholarly journals Synthesis of zeolites Na-A and Na-X from tablet compressed and calcinated coal fly ash

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 170921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Hu ◽  
Wenyan Gao ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Yifu Zhang ◽  
Changgong Meng
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Hydrothermal Reaction ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Coal Fly Ash ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Zeolite Synthesis ◽  
Phase Pure ◽  
Synthetic Zeolites ◽  
Tablet Compression

Zeolites Na-A and Na-X are important synthetic zeolites widely used for separation and adsorption in industry. It is of great significance to develop energy-efficient routines that can synthesize zeolites Na-A and Na-X from low-cost raw materials. Coal fly ash (CFA) is the major residue from the combustion of coal and biomass containing more than 85% SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 , which can readily replace the conventionally used sodium silicate and aluminate for zeolite synthesis. We used Na 2 CO 3 to replace the expensive NaOH used for the calcination of CFA and showed that tablet compression can enhance the contact with Na 2 CO 3 for the activation of CFA through calcination for the synthesis of zeolites Na-A and Na-X under mild conditions. We optimized the control variables for zeolite synthesis and showed that phase-pure zeolite Na-A can be synthesized with CFA at reactant molar ratio, hydrothermal reaction temperature and reaction time of 1.3Na 2 O: 0.6Al 2 O 3 : 1SiO 2 : 38H 2 O at 80°C for 6 h, respectively, while phase-pure zeolite Na-X can be synthesized at 2.2Na 2 O: 0.2Al 2 O 3 : 1SiO 2 : 88H 2 O at 100°C for 8 h, respectively. The composition, morphology, specific surface area, vibration spectrum and thermogravimetry of synthesized Na-A and Na-X were further characterized.

Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of a Novel Aniline-Based Polyorganodisulfide

2012 ◽  
Vol 557-559 ◽  
pp. 1174-1178
Author(s):  
Yu Zhi Su ◽  
Xin Biao Liu ◽  
Si Xie ◽  
Yu Ling Wu ◽  
Yu Fei Song
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Preparation Method ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cathodic Peak ◽  
Electrochemical Reversibility ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Facile Preparation

From facile preparation method and available low-cost raw materials, we have synthesized a novel kind of aniline-based organodisulfide bis(2-aminobenzyl) disulfide (OABD) and its homopolymer (POABD). The polymer POABD was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and cyclic voltammetry. The cyclic voltammetry tests reveal that the redox of the S-S bonds behavior in the anodic and cathodic peak potentials differences for poly(bis(2-aminobenzyl) disulfide) is 70 mV. The results indicated that poly(bis(2-aminobenzyl) disulfide) has an excellent electrochemical reversibility.

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