scholarly journals From residential village to heritage marketplace: evaluation morphological transformation and their use consequences over time in the historic settlement of Al-Wakran, Qatar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abida Khan ◽  
◽  
Mark Major ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Morphology ◽  
The State ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Morphological Transformation ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Historic Settlement ◽  
Over Time

Many people consider Al Wakrah to be a distinctive settlement for cultural heritage in the State of Qatar. Based on archaeological evidence, the area of Al Wakrah was perhaps the first urban center of Qatar. Originally a fishing and pearling village like the capital city of Doha, globalization and rapid urbanization also characterized the development of Al Wakrah over the last halfcentury, leading to a remarkable transformation in the morphology of the settlement. The paper studies this morphological transformation of Al Wakrah and the consequences for socioeconomic and functional use. In doing so, the paper offers some clarity about the identity and dynamics of Al Wakrah as a traditional heritage district today; specifically, Souq Al Wakrah. We explore this within the context of traditional marketplaces in general, and souqs in the Arab States of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region in particular. The study explores the symbiotic relationship between urban morphology, land use, and function in settlement form. The purpose is to develop a deeper understanding of urban changes and expansion on the use and experience of Souq Wakrah as a public place today. Researchers apply several representational techniques standard in morphological studies, including analysis of urban spatial networks using space syntax. The findings of the paper indicate the design and planning nature of Souq Wakrah as a contemporary heritage re-creation. It contrasts with more straightforward examples of historic preservation and restoration in other traditional marketplaces of Qatar itself and elsewhere in the world. This situation arose due to the nearcomplete demolition of most historic structures in Al Wakrah during the recent past, except for a few isolated examples. However, a few important ‘traces’ of Al Wakrah’s morphological history remain consistent over time, despite the dramatic transformations in the rest of the settlement over time. The paper concludes by discussing the potential implications for design and planning policy in the protection and preservation of historic resources in the State of Qatar. It argues for the critical importance of developing a clear understanding of the relationship between form, function, and the urban context of such places in future preservation projects.

scholarly journals Overlapping Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Chun Wong
Keyword(s):  
Design Research ◽  
Place Identity ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Historic Buildings ◽  
Center Line ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Reclaimed Land ◽  
Historic Masonry ◽  
Heritage Buildings ◽  
Over Time

<p>All urban sites around the world have their own unique, evolving historical identity. However, this identity can often become obscured, or even lost, over time due to the progressive changes that occur to the transforming urban context. An urban site's evolution may include newly reclaimed land, conflicting grid alignments as new roads are added, new buildings being constructed that fail to reaffirm site identity in relation to existing conditions and historic buildings that become re-purposed with a subsequent loss of their original architectural identity.  The site selected for this design research investigation is Queens Wharf in Wellington. Located in the heart of New Zealand's capital city, where land meets sea at the center line of the city's skyline, Queens Wharf occupies one of the most important sites in the capital. However, the principal problem of this site is its lack of coherent place identity.  This problem has arisen in relation to five main factors: 1) very large, anonymous new metal shed buildings have been added in poor relationships with historic masonry and timber ones; 2)heritage buildings have been re-purposed, and their interior programmes are no longer represented by their architectural facades; 3) enormous, contemporary, and very unattractive buildings such as the TSB Arena house programmes that change throughout the year, preventing the exterior architecture from providing identity to what is happening within; 4) a confluence of conflicting grids has developed over time at this site; and 5) Queens Wharf's important location at the edge of city and sea near the center line of the city's skyline provides a significant opportunity for this site to act as a visual gateway to the capital city, but this opportunity remains unfulfilled.  The thesis proposes that architecture can play an essential role in establishing place identity for Queens Wharf by: 1) implicating historic architectural features into new architectural interventions – so that the historic buildings are fundamentally important to understanding the new and vice versa – by integrating the new and the old in ways that present all the stages of the site’s evolution as important chapters in its overall tale; 2) exposing interior programmes to the outside to establish architectural identity through programmatic visibility; 3) establishing new architectural interventions as 'pivots' to help make sense of conflicting grid alignments; 4) arranging architectural interventions as a framing device and an important liminal threshold between the opposing conditions of land and sea.</p>

Carceral urbanism: Reconstructing the architecture of punitive space in post-genocide Rwanda

2021 ◽  
pp. 146247452110345
Author(s):  
Shakirah E Hudani
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The State ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Production Of Space ◽  
Problem Space ◽  
Penal Order ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

In this article I make the argument that the prison in post-genocide Rwanda is an architectural artefact and a problem-space around which to examine the transitional dilemmas of the post-genocide period. I examine the changing punitive architecture of incarceration in Rwanda’s capital and in secondary urban areas. Looking at the space of the prison in relation to the changing city, I posit that through the penal production of space, the state reconfigures logics of punitive practices and urban governmentality. Changing logics of incarceration are evident in Rwanda today in the deconcentration of the capital, Kigali, to make way for an urban masterplanned order. In analyzing this shift in the visibility of the penal order in Rwanda over time, I contend that the prison constructs the city through its punitive and surveillance-based logic, as much as the city constitutes the prison as a spatially segregated edifice. I examine two sets of governmental spaces and practices that have run through different eras of Rwanda’s colonial, post-independence and post-genocide periods: (a) the prison and punishment, and (b) the reordering of the capital city and urban planning.

scholarly journals Urban Morphological Studies (Concepts, Techniques, and Methods)

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 100-111
Author(s):  
Haider Jasim Essa Al-Saaidy
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
French School ◽  
Morphological Approach ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

Urban morphological approach (concepts and practices) plays a significant role in forming our cities not only in terms of theoretical perspective but also in how to practice and experience the urban form structures over time. Urban morphology has been focused on studying the processes of formation and transformation of urban form based on its historical development. The main purpose of this study is to explore and describe the existing literature of this approach and thus aiming to summarize the most important studies that put into understanding the city form. In this regard, there were three schools of urban morphological studies, namely: the British, the Italian, and the French School. A reflective comparison between the three schools has been conducted in order to recognize the main critical points among them. Therefore, a theoretical framework is derived.

scholarly journals Synchrony-city: Sarajevo in five acts and few intervals

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-594
Author(s):  
Selma Harrington ◽  
Branka Dimitrijevic ◽  
Ashraf M. Salama
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
The City

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, giving a general overview of its urban context through five historical periods, as part of a research study on its modernist architectural heritage. Design/methodology/approach Designed to mimic the theatrical process which unfolds through acts and intervals, the paper combines literary, architectural, journalistic and historical sources, to sketch the key periods which characterise the city’s urban morphology. Findings The sequence of acts and intervals points to the dramatic historic inter-change of continuities and ruptures, in which the ruptures have often been less studied and understood. This explains the frequent conceptualising of Sarajevo through East–West binary, which synthesises it as a provincial capital from Ottoman and later Habsburg rule, a regional centre within two Yugoslav states and a capital city of a young state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This highlights the need to study the ruptures as clues to the flow of continuities, in which the care and after care for built environment provide a field of evidence and possibilities for diverse perspectives of examination. Research limitations/implications Corroborated by secondary sources, the paper examines the accounts of urban heritage destruction in the 1990s war, as recorded by a writer, an architect and a journalist, and outlines a pattern of unbroken inter-relations between urban and architectural space (tangible) and sense and identity of place (intangible). Practical implications This discourse is relevant to the current situation where the city of Sarajevo expands again, in the complexity of a post-conflict society. Social implications Challenged by the political divisions and the laissez-faire economy, the public mood and interest is under-represented and has many conflicting voices. Originality/value Inspired by Italo Calvino’s Invisible Cities and the accounts from the siege of Sarajevo in the 1990s, this conceptual paper contributes to the formulation of a cross-disciplinary discursive prism through which the fragments of the city and its periods come together or apart, adding, subtracting and changing layers of meaning of the physical space.

scholarly journals Overlapping Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Chun Wong
Keyword(s):  
Design Research ◽  
Place Identity ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Historic Buildings ◽  
Center Line ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Reclaimed Land ◽  
Historic Masonry ◽  
Heritage Buildings ◽  
Over Time

<p>All urban sites around the world have their own unique, evolving historical identity. However, this identity can often become obscured, or even lost, over time due to the progressive changes that occur to the transforming urban context. An urban site's evolution may include newly reclaimed land, conflicting grid alignments as new roads are added, new buildings being constructed that fail to reaffirm site identity in relation to existing conditions and historic buildings that become re-purposed with a subsequent loss of their original architectural identity.  The site selected for this design research investigation is Queens Wharf in Wellington. Located in the heart of New Zealand's capital city, where land meets sea at the center line of the city's skyline, Queens Wharf occupies one of the most important sites in the capital. However, the principal problem of this site is its lack of coherent place identity.  This problem has arisen in relation to five main factors: 1) very large, anonymous new metal shed buildings have been added in poor relationships with historic masonry and timber ones; 2)heritage buildings have been re-purposed, and their interior programmes are no longer represented by their architectural facades; 3) enormous, contemporary, and very unattractive buildings such as the TSB Arena house programmes that change throughout the year, preventing the exterior architecture from providing identity to what is happening within; 4) a confluence of conflicting grids has developed over time at this site; and 5) Queens Wharf's important location at the edge of city and sea near the center line of the city's skyline provides a significant opportunity for this site to act as a visual gateway to the capital city, but this opportunity remains unfulfilled.  The thesis proposes that architecture can play an essential role in establishing place identity for Queens Wharf by: 1) implicating historic architectural features into new architectural interventions – so that the historic buildings are fundamentally important to understanding the new and vice versa – by integrating the new and the old in ways that present all the stages of the site’s evolution as important chapters in its overall tale; 2) exposing interior programmes to the outside to establish architectural identity through programmatic visibility; 3) establishing new architectural interventions as 'pivots' to help make sense of conflicting grid alignments; 4) arranging architectural interventions as a framing device and an important liminal threshold between the opposing conditions of land and sea.</p>

Apportionment Analysis

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Brigham ◽  
Henry J. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Causality Assessment ◽  
The State ◽  
Workers Compensation ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Causal Relationships ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Specific Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Abstract In the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fifth Edition, apportionment refers to the “distribution or allocation of causation among multiple factors that caused or significantly contributed to the injury or disease and existing impairment,” and causation is the process of determining “an identifiable factor (eg, accident or exposure to hazards) that results in a medically identifiable condition.” Causality assessment requires a clear understanding and discussion of causal relationships; apportionment analysis refers to the extent to which factors may have contributed to a particular effect or impairment. A causal relationship requires three elements—a cause, an effect, and a specific relationship between them—the absence of any one of which disqualifies causality. Apportionment is an estimate of the degree to which each of various medically probable occupational or nonoccupational factors contributed to a particular impairment. The unique legal standards of compensability and apportionment vary by locality, and the apportionment of disability involves assessing the functional effects of different injuries over time. Evaluators should consider the effect of using the Combined Values Chart on the final assessment and must carefully distinguish factors that are combined vs those that are added or subtracted. A sidebar discusses important changes to the State of California's Workers’ Compensation.

scholarly journals Accessibilty of public urban green spaces within the spatial metropolitan network of Doha, Qatar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba T. Tannous ◽  
◽  
Mark David Major ◽  
Raffaello Furlan ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Urban Green ◽  
Urban Green Spaces ◽  
The World

Most people regard green spaces as a necessity to enhance the physical health and psychological well-being of residents in promoting the general health and welfare of citizens and the environment (Röbbel, 2016). In the Modern Era, the availability of green spaces has become an integral component of urban planning for sustaining the quality of life in city environments, especially since the dawn of the 20th century. Due to globalization in rapidly-developing cities around the world, studies about green spaces are becoming an increasingly important part of the urban planning process (Mitchell and Popham, 2007). Accessibility can play an essential role in determining the location of green public facilities to maximize their usability for large populations, or otherwise limit use to a smaller community (Ottensmann and Greg, 2008). However, some public green spaces are inefficiently located or distributed in urban environments (Beatley, 2000, Gehl, 2010, Gehl and Svarre, 2013). In this paper, the accessibility of urban green spaces means the ease of reaching such locations from many origins within the urban spatial network from the macro- to the micro-scale. The inaccessibility or absence of green spaces in some urban areas is a notable consequence of rapid urbanization in many cities around the world. It is especially noticeable in the capital city of Doha in the State of Qatar, where rapid urban expansion and globalization has had a significant impact on the quality and quantity of green spaces available (Salama and Wiedmann, 2013a). The paper utilizes the network analysis techniques of space syntax to objectively investigate the accessibility of urban green parks and promenades in the metropolitan region of Doha (Penn et al., 1998, Hillier et al., 1993, Hillier and Hanson, 1984). At the heart of the paper is the question, does the size and location of urban green spaces follow a discernible spatial logic in terms of accessibility, linked to the design intent of public planning policies? Some findings in the paper indicate there is distinctive spatial and social logic to the physical and spatial characteristics of urban green spaces above a certain size in terms of metric area. In contrast, these characteristics in smaller urban green spaces tend to be more random, primarily due to issues of land availability and amenity provision in private developments. We conclude by discussing the potential implications of the study for public planning policy about green urbanism in the State of Qatar and other rapidly urbanizing cities around the world

Opponent Center-Surround Contrast: Colour to Grey Conversion

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-108
Author(s):  
Ali Alsam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Algorithms ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The State ◽  
Colour Space ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
State Of Art ◽  
Over Time

Vision is the science that informs us about the biological and evolutionary algorithms that our eyes, opticnerves and brains have chosen over time to see. This article is an attempt to solve the problem of colour to grey conversion, by borrowing ideas from vision science. We introduce an algorithm that measures contrast along the opponent colour directions and use the results to combine a three dimensional colour space into a grey. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm competes with the state of art algorithms.

Environmentalists, Nuclear Waste, and the Politics of Passive Exclusion in Germany

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Hunold
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Nuclear Waste ◽  
Environmental Movement ◽  
The State ◽  
Radioactive Wastes ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
Ecological Democracy ◽  
Over Time

In this essay I examine the dispute between the German GreenParty and some of the country’s environmental nongovernmentalorganizations (NGOs) over the March 2001 renewal of rail shipmentsof highly radioactive wastes to Gorleben. My purpose indoing so is to test John Dryzek’s 1996 claim that environmentalistsought to beware of what they wish for concerning inclusion in theliberal democratic state. Inclusion on the wrong terms, arguesDryzek, may prove detrimental to the goals of greening and democratizingpublic policy because such inclusion may compromise thesurvival of a green public sphere that is vital to both. Prospects forecological democracy, understood in terms of strong ecologicalmodernization here, depend on historically conditioned relationshipsbetween the state and the environmental movement that fosterthe emergence and persistence over time of such a public sphere.

ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICATION OF DISTANCE EDUCATION IN UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN THE STATE OF AMAZONAS

2020 ◽  
pp. 37013-37019
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Distance Education ◽  
University Students ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
The State ◽  
University Education ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Education Students

No teaching method has evolved as much as distance education, in the state of Amazonas this would not be different, especially in higher education. Distance Education is a modality where the student is separated from the teacher and uses several communication technologies around all his learning. The methods used were bibliographic, documentary and quantitative. The researched environment was the capital city of Manaus and the municipality of Maués, with the application of the closed questionnaire aimed at higher education students. Our objective was to question certain nuances as their benefits and challenges for those who study Distance Education in the different locations of the State of Amazonas. The result was the realization that among its many advantages in the execution of education, time is considered the main one, and the loss of deadlines its greatest disadvantage, besides the concept of distance education is already well known by university students. Thus, it is well known that with the passing of time and with the progress of the state's modernization, distance education is gradually becoming the most practical means of teaching.

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