scholarly journals Measurement of spatial equity : a case study of nursing institution

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Sui ◽  
◽  
Yifan Yu ◽  
Liu Huhui ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
Spatial Equity ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
Local Moran ◽  
The Impact

Equity and justice have always been important norms in the field of urban planning. With the gradual deepening of understanding of residential environment, the research context of equity and justice related to location is becoming more and more sophisticated. Recently, varieties of subjects Including Public Health and Geography focus on the inequity of public resources in spatial distribution and how to measure the degree of this gap. In general, the mainstream measurement methods can be summarized into two categories: (1) The description of phenomenon caused by the spatial inequities, and accessibility is a typical method of this type. (2) the direct quantification of inequity, such as Gink Coefficient which is originated from the economics field and introduced into the measurement of health equity, and Getis-Ord General G, together with Moran’ index is the most commonly method used into the general spatial autocorrelation. In this paper, based on the overall literature review of the concept of equity in the study using these methods and a summary of their specific context of the measurement using, nursing institution in Shanghai, China are regarded as a typical case to practice these methods and compare the differences in using. Meantime, the impact of the politics and planning related to this special facility is also been considered. Results show that, accessibility of nursing institution among elderly groups is much different under different research distance, and the overall trend seems like the research units in suburb appears higher accessibility than those in highly urbanized area. And Gink Coefficient helps us determine the proportion of the elderly population in different reachable areas in Shanghai is within a reasonable range. However, Global Moran’ index provide reliable evidence that the existence of the aggregation combined by the high-value units. It indicates that there are inequities among the distribution of aged-nursing resources, and Local Moran I （LISA）help us to find the specific boundaries of these areas. In general, in the study of the equity related to location, accessibility can only reflect the differences phenomenon in distribution, but it is not clear to describe this gap to what extent, and it’s difficult to achieve the possibility of comparison among different periods and different subjects. The Gini coefficient often focuses on the unfairness of the distribution of people, but ignored the aggregation characteristics of the spatial dimension, which the analysis of spatial autocorrelation can make up. All these methods proved that it’s necessary to consider both the spatial distribution of supply and demand. And the discussion about equity related to location should be strictly qualified in study.

scholarly journals Equity to Urban Parks for Elderly Residents: Perspectives of Balance between Supply and Demand

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8506
Author(s):  
Meng Guo ◽  
Bingxi Liu ◽  
Yu Tian ◽  
Dawei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Urban Parks ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Urban Park ◽  
Spatial Equity ◽  
Equity Evaluation ◽  
Main City

As population ages, ensuring that the elderly get their due rights has become a common concern of scholars in many fields. However, as an important public service facility in daily life of elderly, the research on the equity of urban parks is mostly based on the evaluation of accessibility. The equity of the elderly's access to urban parks services has been rarely discussed from the perspective of supply and demand balance. In the context of the concept of spatial equity, we used urban parks in the main city of Harbin as a case study, the actual travel mode of the elderly was considered in the evaluation, adopted an Integrated Spatial Equity Evaluation (ISEE) framework, quantitative evaluation of the equity of different levels of urban park under multiple traffic modes. In this study, the results showed that under the three modes of travel, the degree of spatial equity was higher for non-motorized trips than for the other two modes. In terms of urban parks hierarchy, the spatial equity of urban parks at district level were much higher than those at the neighborhood level and street level. The inequity between supply and demand for urban park for elderly people was significant and varies between administrative districts. The empirical evidence in this research may provide references and suggestions for urban parks planning and decision-making. In cities where the scale of land use is basically stable, such as Harbin, we can start from the spatial configuration of park green space system and public transportation system to improve the efficiency of urban parks provision. Thereby promoting the construction and development of an “old age-friendly” society.

Provision of public services by Slovak local governments - Case study social protection – old age: A supply demand mismatch?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Černěnko ◽  
Klaudia Glittová
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Provision Of Services

The aim of the paper is to describe the supply of public services in the field of social protection - old age (represented by expenditures in group 10, class 2 of COFOG classification) in relation to the demand for these services represented by the population in the age group 62+ related to the size and region of the local government unit. The analysis of supply and demand takes place at the level of individual local governments and the results are then presented in relation to the size of the municipality and the region. Two approaches were used for the analysis. The first focuses on the description of the current situation through the categorization of local governments according to the approach to the provision of services, and the second consists in regression analysis. The results of the regression analysis suggest that the size of the municipality and the region do not play as important a role in terms of access to the provision of the examined services as indicated by the first, descriptive analysis. To find a "pattern" for local authorities to decide on access to services for the elderly, further research will be needed that takes into account several socio-economic indicators.

scholarly journals A Quantitative Evaluation of the Multiple Narratives of the Recent Sahelian Regreening*

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mimi Stith ◽  
Alessandra Giannini ◽  
John del Corral ◽  
Susana Adamo ◽  
Alex de Sherbinin
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Southern Central ◽  
Second Category ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A spatial analysis is presented that aims to synthesize the evidence for climate and social dimensions of the “regreening” of the Sahel. Using an independently constructed archival database of donor-funded interventions in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Senegal in response to the persistence of drought in the 1970s and 1980s, the spatial distribution of these interventions is examined in relation to population density and to trends in precipitation and in greenness. Three categories of environmental change are classified: 1) regions at the northern grassland/shrubland edge of the Sahel where NDVI varies interannually with precipitation, 2) densely populated cropland regions of the Sahel where significant trends in precipitation and NDVI decouple at interannual time scales, and 3) regions at the southern savanna edge of the Sahel where NDVI variation is independent of precipitation. Examination of the spatial distribution of environmental change, number of development projects, and population density brings to the fore the second category, covering the cropland areas where population density and regreening are higher than average. While few, regions in this category coincide with emerging hotspots of regreening in northern Burkina Faso and southern central Niger known from case study literature. In examining the impact of efforts to rejuvenate the Sahelian environment and livelihoods in the aftermath of the droughts of the 1970s and 1980s against the backdrop of a varying and uncertain climate, the transition from desertification to regreening discourses is framed in the context of adaptation to climate change.

scholarly journals Does the New Rural Pension System Promote Farmland Transfer in the Context of Aging in Rural China: Evidence from the CHARLS

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (19) ◽  
pp. 3592
Author(s):  
Yahui Wang ◽  
Qingyuan Yang ◽  
Liangjie Xin ◽  
Jingyu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Pension System ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Rental Market ◽  
Land Transfer ◽  
Land Rental ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The lack or instability of the pension system for the elderly in rural China has become a paramount obstacle for sustainable land transfer, namely land use right transfer among farmers, in the context of aging. The New Rural Pension System (NRPS), a pilot project that provided basic security for the elderly, was implemented in 10% of counties in 2009 and rapidly promoted nationwide in China. This study evaluates the impact of NRPS on farmland transfer by developing econometric models by employing the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2015. The participation rate in NRPS increased from 25.87% in 2011 to 80.85% in 2015, and the participation rate in farmland transfer rose from 11.56% to 24.04%. Everything else being held equal, the probability of farmers who transferred out their land increased by approximately 13% and the land area has been transferred increased by 11.2% due to participation in NRPS, indicating that the NRPS improved the operation efficiency of land rental market. Furthermore, the heterogeneity analysis showed that the probability and area mentioned above had a significant upward trend with the increase of the time and insured amount of participation in NRPS, which reduced dependence on farmland for the elderly and promoted the sustainability of land transfer. The government should further encourage farmers to increase the coverage and insured amount of pension system in the context of aging. Meanwhile, a platform to promote land transfer should be established to provide information about land supply and demand and reduce the transaction cost of land rental market.

scholarly journals The Effects of Gentrification on the Elderly: A Case Study in the City of Cáceres

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Lidia Domínguez-Parraga
Keyword(s):  
Social Space ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

This study aims to analyze the consequences of the gentrification process as a result of tourism on the elderly inhabitants. Firstly, the concept of gentrification is reviewed, a process that is no longer exclusive to large cities but has spread to smaller and lesser-known municipalities. A clear example of this type of new tourist destination is the city of Cáceres, a World Heritage medium-sized city where tourism is the basis of its economy. The research considers gentrification in medium-sized cities and its effect on active aging. Based on a qualitative methodological approach, a total of 32 in-depth interviews were conducted and analyzed to compare two neighborhoods—one gentrified and one not. The results show a remarkable disparity in the residents’ perceptions of their environment and their city. The findings suggest adverse effects on the quality of aging due to the gentrification process, such as family dependency, social-space disconnection, and a generally pessimistic image of the neighborhood. Consequently, the impact of tourism negatively affects the gentrified neighborhood inhabitants’ psychological, social, and emotional well-being.

scholarly journals Assessing Emergency Shelter Demand Using POI Data and Evacuation Simulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Chen ◽  
Yao Fang ◽  
Qing Zhai ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yijie Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Emergency Shelter ◽  
Evacuation Simulation ◽  
Point Of Interest ◽  
Space Organization ◽  
Quantitative Basis ◽  
Python Programming ◽  
Land Reuse

Mapping the fine-scale spatial distribution of emergency shelter demand is crucial for shelter planning during disasters. To provide shelter for people within a reasonable evacuation distance under day and night disaster scenarios, we formed an approach for examining the distribution of day and night shelter demand at the plot-scale using point of interest (POI) data, and then analyzed the supply and demand status of shelters after an evacuation simulation built in Python programming language. Taking the downtown areas of Guangzhou, China as a case study, the results show that significant differences exist in the size and spatial distribution of shelter demand in daytime and nighttime, and the total demand is 7.929 million people, which is far larger than the resident population. The average evacuation time of all 16,883 routes is 12.6 min, and after the evacuation, 558 of 888 shelters exceed their capacity to varying degrees, accounting for 62.84% of the total, indicating that the shelters cannot completely receive the potential evacuees. The method proposed in this paper provides a direct quantitative basis for the number and size of new shelter resources being planned during urban renewal activities, and form a reference for land reuse and disaster prevention space organization in future urban planning.

scholarly journals Influence Factors of Spatial Distribution of Urban Innovation Activities Based on Ensemble Learning: A Case Study in Hangzhou, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiwu Wang ◽  
Nina Liu ◽  
Yichen Ruan
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Impact Mechanism ◽  
Location Selection ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Innovation Space ◽  
Ensemble Algorithms ◽  
The Impact

Innovation is an inevitable way for cities to achieve sustainable development. The occurrence of innovation activities is a complex systemic behavior. Its spatial distribution has some location selection laws, which are the result of interaction and feedback between various spatial influence factors. We explain the impact mechanism from the microscale using a street unit in a city. Hangzhou was selected as a case study. First, we systematically selected factors influencing the spatial distribution of innovation activities as the independent variable based on the demands of innovation subjects. Patents were used as the dependent variable to represent the spatial distribution of innovation activities. Second, ensemble algorithms (Boosting) were used to analyze the influence contribution of independent variables to dependent variables. Then, based on the aspects of innovation driving force, which are innovation resources and innovation environments, relevant factors were divided into the following seven categories: innovation industry concentration, knowledge intensity, innovative talent resources, service facilities, external transportation convenience, public transportation convenience, and ecological environment. We interpreted the impact mechanism and made corresponding suggestions for urban innovation space planning.

The impact of spatial heterogeneity on selection: a case study on Pinus pinaster breeding seedling orchards

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Zas
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
Family Selection ◽  
The Impact

Although failure to account for spatial autocorrelation has been dramatic in some forest progeny trials, little attention has been paid to how this issue may affect selections within the trials. The effects of spatial autocorrelation of height growth on the estimation of genetic gain and on the spatial distribution of the selected trees were studied in four Pinus pinaster Ait. progeny trials that were rogued using different selection methods and intensities. When selections are based on unadjusted original values, selected trees tend to be located in the best microsites and are unlikely to be the most genetically superior. This resulted in a loss of genetic gain that varied between 10% and 20% and sometimes exceeded 30%. Differences in the loss of gain among different selection methods and intensities were minor and followed no clear pattern. Selecting on the basis of a conventional model resulted in spatial patterns of the retained trees that were clearly aggregated in all cases. However, selections based on spatially adjusted data resulted in random spatial patterns, except with family selection because of the use of multiple-tree plots. Because clumping of the retained trees may seriously affect the quantity and quality of the seed crop, breeders are strongly encouraged to use appropriate spatial models for roguing breeding seedling orchards.

Regional Impact on Technological Change: The Evolution and Development of the Twin-Wire Paper Machine from 1950 to 1988

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1503-1520 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Ofori-Amoah
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Paper Machine ◽  
Corporate Strategies ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Evolution And Development ◽  
Consumer Tastes ◽  
The Impact

In this paper the impact of regions on the evolution and development of technology is examined via a new paper-making technology (the twin-wire machine) as a case study. In particular, differences in raw material and physical environmental conditions, consumer tastes and preferences, and industrial organization and corporate strategies between the two regions, North America and Europe, provided different demand and supply conditions for the development of the twin-wire technology. These conditions initially influenced the development of different twin-wire trajectories in North America and Europe. Later on, these trajectories began to converge as the supply and demand conditions, which had established them, began to change.

scholarly journals Research on the Influence of Population Aging on Labor Cost in Hebei Province

2021 ◽  
Vol 257 ◽  
pp. 03054
Author(s):  
Shixin Huo
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Family Planning Policy ◽  
Gradual Improvement ◽  
Planning Policy ◽  
The Impact

Background. In the 1970s and 1980s, China implemented the family planning policy, which increased the proportion of the working age population by controlling the population fertility rate, bringing a demographic dividend to China at that time. Because of the implementation of family planning policy, China has stepped into an aging society in advance. The aging of population has a profound impact on all aspects of society. This paper has a strong practical significance for the study of the impact of aging of population on labor cost. Methods. Based on the theories of population transformation, population dividend and market supply-demand equilibrium, this paper uses the methods of literature review and statistical analysis to look up the relevant data of Hebei Provincial Bureau of statistics and National Bureau of statistics, and uses Stata16 to analyze the correlation and significance test between the elderly population coefficient and labor cost. Finally, it analyzes the relationship between the aging population and labor supply and demand the influence path is discussed. Results. The results show that there is a significant positive correlation between the elderly population coefficient and labor cost. Conclusion. The aging of population structure makes the supply of young and middle-aged labor insufficient. At the same time, due to the strong demand of the old industry, the demand for labor increases. The imbalance of supply and demand leads to the increase of labor cost. The aging of the population indirectly increases the number of years of education for the labor force, the increase of the labor force’s investment in its own human capital and the gradual improvement of the current social security system, which also increases the labor cost from the side.

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