International trade law dimensions of natural resources management in Africa / Dimensions du droit commercial international de la gestion des ressources naturelles en Afrique

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 308-354
Author(s):  
Regis Y Simo

The extraction and processing of raw materials into commodities are not only attractive for their economic value but also for political reasons. This makes natural resources a source of extreme greed. In this context, regions rich in raw materials, such as Africa, become the scene of local and foreign speculation and, instead of contributing to the development of endowed countries, natural resources often become factors of fragility – hence the ‘natural resources curse’ phrase. While countries exercise sovereignty over their resources by virtue of international law, it has also become essential to develop more sustainable activities in order to continue to exploit these resources. Cognisant of these global environmental challenges, a great number of countries in the world are committed to safeguarding the planet, as can be seen from the adoption of the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. At the international level, the multiplicity and complexity of legal norms applicable to the exploitation of natural resources can constitute an obstacle to their application. Indeed, while the scarcity of resources and the surge of environmental problems associated with their exploitation have led to greater reliance on international law because the stakes are global and permeate political boundaries, the corpus of international law rules is sometimes only indirectly relevant to natural resources, since they were not enacted to protect natural resources per se. This is the case of the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), which, while not adopted for that purpose, have a bearing on trade in natural resources. While all WTO members are required to open their markets to competition from abroad, WTO-covered agreements give them a certain leeway to regulate this flow in order to pursue societal goals. In other words, under certain circumstances, a WTO member is allowed to justify otherwise WTO-inconsistent measures in the name of legitimate domestic values. This paper focuses on trade rules that control the asymmetrical global distribution and exhaustibility of natural resources, especially export restrictions and their justifications in WTO law. The objective of this paper is to analyse the international and unilateral trade measures addressing non-trade concerns and their relevance for natural resources management in Africa. L’extraction et la transformation des matières premières en produits finis de base sont non seulement attractives pour leur valeur économique mais aussi pour des raison politiques. Ce qui fait des ressources naturelles une source de cupidité extrême. A cet effet, au lieu de contribuer au développement des pays qui y sont dotés, les régions riches en matières premières deviennent le théâtre des spéculations nationales et étrangères au point où les ressources naturelles deviennent des facteurs de déstabilisation d’où l’appellation de « malédiction des ressources naturelles ». Bien que les pays exercent la souveraineté sur leurs ressources en vertu du droit international, il devient essentiel de développer des activités plus durables afin de continuer l’exploitation de ces ressources. Conscient de ces problèmes environnementaux dans le monde, un grand nombre de pays dans le monde s’engagent à sauvegarder la planète, comme peut-on constater avec l’adoption de la Convention africaine pour la Conservation de la Nature et des Ressources naturelles. Sur le plan international, la multiplicité et la complexité des normes juridiques applicables à l’exploitation des ressources naturelles peuvent constituer un obstacle pour son application. En effet, si la rareté des ressources et la montée des problèmes environnementaux liées à leur exploitation ont conduit à une dépendance accrue au droit international parce que les enjeux sont mondiaux et dépassent les barrières politiques, les règles du droit international s’appliquent indirectement aux ressources naturelles puisqu’elles n’ont pas été promulguées pour protéger les ressources naturelles en tant que tel. Ceci est le cas des règles de l‘Organisation mondiale du Commerce (OMS), qui, bien que non adoptées ont une incidence sur le commerce des ressources naturelles. Bien que les membres de l’OMS ont obligations d’ouvrir leurs marchés à la concurrence étrangère, les accords couverts par l’OMS leur donnent un certain levier pour réguler ce flux afin de poursuivre des objectifs sociétaux. Autrement dit, dans certaines circonstances, un membre de l’OMS est autorisé de justifier les mesures incompatibles avec les règles de l’OMS pour des raisons de valeurs nationales légitimes. Cet article se focalise sur les règles commerciales qui contrôlent la distribution mondiale asymétrique et l’épuisement des ressources naturelles particulièrement les restrictions à l’exportation et leurs justifications d’après la loi de l’OMS. L’objectif de cet article est d’examiner les mesures internationales et unilatérales qui adressent les préoccupations non commerciales et leur importance sur la gestion des ressources naturelles en Afrique.

2003 ◽  
pp. 108-116
Author(s):  
A. Bykov

According to the legal norms of the Russian Federation in the ownership, usage and disposal of natural resources the author analyses interaction between natural resources users and local authorities. The interaction is based upon ecological and economic factors, which cause the peculiarities of requirements put before natural resource users in the Far North. The strategic directions of resource saving economic development of these regions are considered.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vu Thi Thanh Minh ◽  
Le Thi Khanh Hoa

Community-based natural resources management has been applied in many different parts of the world, especially indeveloping countries. The content of this method is to take thecommunity as a center, direct the community to the resourcesmanagement system, bring people to live consciously in thenatural environment and protect resources such as protection forthemselves. Through analyzing the current status of communitybased resources management in ethnic minority and mountainousareas, the paper proposes some effective solutions to enhance therole of ethnic minority communities in resources management.


Author(s):  
Ugonna Chimnonyerem Nkwunonwo

There is little discussion regarding natural resources management issues in Nigeria, unlike many other places around the world, where such issues have made significant contributions to research growth. This is a troubling situation that complicates Nigeria's present need to address her increasing sequence of aggravations related to land cover modifications. Sustainable use of land, water, solid minerals, and forest is difficult and overwhelms local efforts. Demographic pressures and the corresponding need for developments and societal livability have a proclivity to overuse land resources and impact negatively on their present quality and future regeneration. Traditional and indigenous approaches are still the bases of natural resources management. The cumulative challenges of these issues with other prevalent anomalies are increasingly compromising Nigeria's land resources base. However, geo-spatial technology with its potential for policy and decision-support is being set forth to address these challenges and to fill the current gaps in knowledge of natural resources management.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 102-130
Author(s):  
Michael J Strauss

The recognition of states is a critical feature of international law, defining the actors that are subject to it and conferring rights and duties related to their interactions with other states. This recognition is traditionally based on criteria that are deemed essential for a state to exist, even if political factors often play a role. In recent years, it has become apparent that state recognition and de-recognition is sometimes linked to the recognising state’s future access to natural resources found on the territory of the state whose sovereignty is being recognised there. Although this phenomenon is not openly stated, the evidence is circumstantial but abundant, and Africa is at the centre of it. This makes the continent a laboratory for the practice and its consequences, not only for the states involved but also for the broader recognition process. This phenomenon seems to be occurring in two ways. The first way in which this happens is when states use their capacity to produce natural resources that other states need in order to obtain concessions from those states in the form of recognitions of sovereignty over the territory involved. An example is Morocco and its enormous phosphate reserves: various African states that need phosphate for food production have de-recognised the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as an independent state, while recognising Moroccan sovereignty over the same territory – the former Spanish Sahara. The other way in which this happens is illustrated by China’s investments in numerous African countries. The exploitation of natural resources that can be exported to China has been the primary motive for such investments. Some African states that have sought to attract investments have derecognised Taiwan and have recognised China’s sovereignty over the island. This paper describes and assesses the apparent links between African natural resources and the forces that influence state recognition, with a view to identifying the consequences for Africa and for states around the world more generally. La reconnaissance des États est une caractéristique essentielle du droit international ; définir les acteurs qui y sont soumis et leur conférer des droits et obligations liés à leurs interactions avec d’autres États. Cette reconnaissance est traditionnellement basée sur des critères jugés essentiels à l’existence d’un État, même si parfois les facteurs politiques jouent un rôle. Ces dernières années, il est devenu évident que la reconnaissance et le désaveu d’un État sont parfois liés à l’accès futur de l’État reconnu aux ressources naturelles trouvées sur le territoire de l’État dont la souveraineté y est reconnue. Bien que ce phénomène n’est pas clairement/ouvertement déclaré, la preuve est circonstancielle mais abondante, et l’Afrique en est le centre. Cela fait du continent un laboratoire pour la pratique et ses conséquences, non seulement pour les États concernés mais aussi en général pour le processus de reconnaissance. Ce phénomène semble se produire de deux façons. La première façon dont cela se produit est lorsque les États utilisent leur capacité à produire lesº ressources naturelles dont d’autres ont besoin enfin d’obtenir des concessions de ces États sous la forme de la reconnaissance de souveraineté sur le territoire concerné. Le Maroc avec ses énormes réserves de phosphate en est un exemple : divers États africains qui ont besoin de phosphate pour la production alimentaire ont désavoué la République arabe sahraouie démocratique comme un État indépendant tout en reconnaissant la souveraineté marocaine sur le même territoire – l’ancien Sahara espagnol. L’autre manière dont cela se produit est illustrée par l’investissement chinois dans beaucoup de pays africains. Cette exploitation des ressources naturelles que la Chine peux exporter est le principal motif de ces investissements, car certains États africains qui cherchent à attirer les investissements ont désavoué Taiwan et ont reconnu la souveraineté de la Chine sur le l’île. Cette article décrit et analyse les liens apparents entre les ressources naturelles africaines et les forces qui influencent la reconnaissance de l’État, dans un but d’identifier les conséquences pour l’Afrique et les États du monde en général.


Author(s):  
Emilie M. Hafner-Burton

In the last six decades, one of the most striking developments in international law is the emergence of a massive body of legal norms and procedures aimed at protecting human rights. In many countries, though, there is little relationship between international law and the actual protection of human rights on the ground. This book takes a fresh look at why it's been so hard for international law to have much impact in parts of the world where human rights are most at risk. The book argues that more progress is possible if human rights promoters work strategically with the group of states that have dedicated resources to human rights protection. These human rights “stewards” can focus their resources on places where the tangible benefits to human rights are greatest. Success will require setting priorities as well as engaging local stakeholders such as nongovernmental organizations and national human rights institutions. To date, promoters of international human rights law have relied too heavily on setting universal goals and procedures and not enough on assessing what actually works and setting priorities. This book illustrates how, with a different strategy, human rights stewards can make international law more effective and also safeguard human rights for more of the world population.


Marine Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 104465
Author(s):  
Laís S. Araujo ◽  
Ulises Rodrigo Magdalena ◽  
Tayana S. Louzada ◽  
Paulo S. Salomon ◽  
Fernando C. Moraes ◽  
...  

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document