‘Pilfering the commons’ through law: Global land governance and its impact on Nigerian smallholder women farmers in an age of land grabbing / Voler les biens communs par la loi: La gouvernance foncière mondiale et son impact sur les petites agricultrices nigérianes à l’ère de l’accaparement des terres

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 131-161
Author(s):  
Peter Inalegwu Awodi

This study digresses from the dominant narratives advanced in extant literature which have mainly analysed the question of national sovereignty over natural resources in Nigeria from the perspective of contestations over crude oil in the restive Niger Delta region. This study brings a fresh insight to the debate about national sovereignty over natural resources by examining the interface between international law and national land governance laws in an age of land grabbing in Nigeria. This study reveals how provisions of the ‘Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests’, international human rights laws, international investment laws, the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (as amended) and the Land Use Act of 1978 were deployed to reinforce land grabbing by foreign capitalist agribusiness firms in Nigeria. Findings from the study reveal how the 2007/2008 global economic recession shifted investors’ interest to agriculture, leading to a renewed interest in acquiring large swathes of farmlands in Nigeria. The instrumentality of international and Nigerian laws was deployed in the processes of acquiring, establishing and operationalising these controversial commercial farms. A combination of superimposing international and national legal frameworks underpinning investments, land tenure systems and human rights was invoked to acquire land to establish the 15 000-hectare Casplex Farms, the 13 000-hectare Shonga Farms, and the 10 000-hectare Olam International Rice Farm in northcentral Nigeria. Basically, provisions in section 12.1 of Part 4 of the FAO’s ‘Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests’, art 17(1) of the UDHR, s 43 of Part 4 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (as amended), and s 28(1) of Part 5 of the Land Use Act of 1978 have reinforced land grabbing in Nigeria. At the same time, the study, which draws on historical and exploratory research designs, brings to light the human security implications of such expropriation of indigenous farmland used by vulnerable smallholder women farmers who hold fragile customary rights to land. The study recommends the review of legal instruments on the control of land resources to prevent exploitation by capitalist foreign investors and to provide adequate legal protection for peasants to curtail institutional arbitrariness. Cette étude se dissocie des études existantes dans la littérature qui ont le plus souvent analysé la question de la souveraineté nationale sur les ressources naturelles au Nigeria sous l’angle des contestations sur le pétrole brut dans la région rebelle du Delta du Niger. Cette étude apporte un nouvel aperçu dans le débat à propos de la souveraineté nationale sur les ressources naturelles en examinant l’interface entre le droit international et les lois nationales de gestion de la question foncière à l’ère de l’accaparement des terres au Nigeria. Cette étude révèle comment les dispositions des « Directives volontaires pour une gouvernance responsable des régimes fonciers applicables aux terres, aux pêches et aux forêts », les lois internationales sur les droits de l’homme, les lois internationales sur les investissements, la Constitution de la République Fédérale du Nigeria 1999 (telle que modifiée) et la loi sur l’utilisation de la terre ont été déployées pour renforcer l’accaparement des terres par les entreprises capitalistes étrangères agro-industrielles au Nigeria. Les recherches montrent comment la récession économique mondiale de 2007/2008 a dévié l’intérêt des investisseurs vers l’agriculture, ce qui a suscité un intérêt pour l’acquisition de grandes parcelles de terres agricoles. L’instrumentalisation des lois internationales et nigérianes ont été déployées dans ce processus d’acquisition, d’établissement et d’opération de ces plantations commerciales controversées. Une combinaison suprême des cadres juridiques internationaux et nationaux sous -tendant les investissements a été invoquée pour acquérir les terrains pour établir la plantation Casplex de 15 000 hectares, la plantation Shonga de 13 000 hectares, et la rizière d’Olam International de 10 000 hectares dans le centre-nord du Nigeria. Essentiellement, les dispositions de l’article 12 alinéa 1er Partie 4 des « Directives volontaires pour une gouvernance responsable des régimes fonciers applicables aux terres, aux pêches et aux forêts », de la FAO, article17 alinéa 1er de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’Homme, article 43 de la Partie 4 de la Constitution de la République Fédérale du Nigeria 1999 (telle que modifiée), et l’article 28 alinéa 1er de la loi sur l’utilisation de la terre de 1978 ont renforcé l’accaparement des terres au Nigeria. Dans le même temps, cette étude qui s’inspire des modèles de recherches historiques et exploratoires, met en relief les implications sur la sécurité humaine d’une telle expropriation des terres agricoles autochtones utilisées par des petites agricultrices détenant des droits coutumiers fragiles sur la terre. Cette étude recommande la revue des instruments juridiques sur le contrôle des ressources foncières afin de prévenir l’exploitation des investisseurs étrangers capitalistes et de prévoir une protection juridique adéquate aux paysans pour réduire l’arbitraire institutionnel.

Fully Human ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 129-149
Author(s):  
Lindsey N. Kingston

Under pressure from sedentary majority populations, nomadic peoples face serious threats to their cultural survival and livelihood. Nomadic groups have long faced suspicion and discrimination—as illustrated by the ongoing marginalization of European Roma and Travellers, the Maasai of Tanzania and Kenya, and the Bedouin of the MENA region—and modern societies tend to see human rights, including the basic rights of freedom of movement and property rights, through a lens that privileges settlement. Indeed, nomadic peoples are often viewed with suspicion and excluded from the citizenry because they move “too much” and do not conform to majority views related to settlement, land use, and community membership. This bias leaves nomadic peoples without functioning citizenship in regard to state governments, who fail to understand their basic needs and perspectives. Resulting rights abuses center not only on rights to land and natural resources but also on cultural and political expression.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-320
Author(s):  
Jérémie Gilbert*

Abstract Across the globe indigenous peoples are increasingly using litigation to seek remedies for violation of their fundamental human rights. The rise of litigation is to be placed in the larger context of increased land grabbing, exploitation of natural resources, and the general lack of recognition of indigenous peoples’ rights at the national level. This lack of legal rights is usually coupled with a lack of political will to address the issues faced by indigenous peoples, often leading to serious human rights violations, leaving indigenous advocates with few options but to turn to courts as a last resort to seek remedies. This article examines some of the issues faced by indigenous peoples and their advocates when engaging in human rights litigation. The goal is to offer a practice-based reflection on the encounter between courts and indigenous peoples with a specific focus on analysing strategies to support indigenous peoples’ legal empowerment. This is particularly important knowing the technicalities, externalities and complexities of the process of litigation, and the fact that many decisions do not get implemented. In this context this article explores how the process of litigation in itself can support legal empowerment and the wider fight for justice.


REVISTA NERA ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 241-264
Author(s):  
Sergio Gómez E

Este artículo se centraen el análisis y la discusiónde las"Directrices Voluntarias sobre la gobernanzaresponsable de la tenencia de la tierra, la pesca y los bosquesen el contexto de la seguridad alimentaria nacional"y evalúa en las posibilidades de su implementación. Comienza examinando el contexto que explica su contenido y la metodología que propone. Para ello, analiza el proceso de acaparamiento de tierras; el nuevo contexto social, político y cultural que prevalece en la actualidad; el nuevo significado que tiene la propiedad de la tierra y los cambios en la FAO. Luego, destaca y analiza el amplio proceso de participación que caracterizó la elaboración del documento de las Directrices Voluntarias. En seguida, se presentan algunos instrumentos que se pueden considerar como una forma para aplicar las Directrices. Finalmente, se ofrecen algunas reflexiones sobre la experiencia en América Latina.


Author(s):  
Leif Wenar

Article 1 of both of the major human rights covenants declares that the people of each country “shall freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources.” This chapter considers what conditions would have to hold for the people of a country to exercise this right—and why public accountability over natural resources is the only realistic solution to the “resource curse,” which makes resource-rich countries more prone to authoritarianism, civil conflict, and large-scale corruption. It also discusses why cosmopolitans, who have often been highly critical of prerogatives of state sovereignty, have good reason to endorse popular sovereignty over natural resources. Those who hope for more cosmopolitan institutions should see strengthening popular resource sovereignty as the most responsible path to achieving their own goals.


Author(s):  
Jérémie Gilbert

This chapter focuses on the connection between the international legal framework governing the conservation of natural resources and human rights law. The objective is to examine the potential synergies between international environmental law and human rights when it comes to the protection of natural resources. To do so, it concentrates on three main areas of potential convergence. It first focuses on the pollution of natural resources and analyses how human rights law offers a potential platform to seek remedies for the victims of pollution. It next concentrates on the conservation of natural resources, particularly on the interconnection between protected areas, biodiversity, and human rights law. Finally, it examines the relationship between climate change and human rights law, focusing on the role that human rights law can play in the development of the current climate change adaptation and mitigation frameworks.


Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Antonio J. Mendoza-Fernández ◽  
Araceli Peña-Fernández ◽  
Luis Molina ◽  
Pedro A. Aguilera

Campo de Dalías, located in southeastern Spain, is the greatest European exponent of greenhouse agriculture. The development of this type of agriculture has led to an exponential economic development of one of the poorest areas of Spain, in a short period of time. Simultaneously, it has brought about a serious alteration of natural resources. This article will study the temporal evolution of changes in land use, and the exploitation of groundwater. Likewise, this study will delve into the technological development in greenhouses (irrigation techniques, new water resources, greenhouse structures or improvement in cultivation techniques) seeking a sustainable intensification of agriculture under plastic. This sustainable intensification also implies the conservation of existing natural areas.


2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
SARA BERRY

The four papers in this collection bring a varied set of perspectives as well as examples to bear on several common themes. The authors describe continuities and changes in colonial policies toward Africans' access to and use of land and natural resources and discuss some of the sources of knowledge that informed colonial officials' thinking about African land use practices. Implicitly if not directly, each poses the question of whether colonial officials learned anything from their interactions with African farmers and/or herders? By bringing together evidence from different though overlapping periods of time (all of them cover the late 1940s and 1950s) and a variety of colonial contexts (colonies under French and British rule, with and without European settlers), as a group these papers invite reflection on the circumstances that led colonial officials to acknowledge, or deny, that Africans might know something about their environments and that such knowledge ought to inform the design of conservation and development schemes.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-385
Author(s):  
Xiaoou Zheng

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Almobarak Falak ◽  
Lidia A. Mezhova

Central Chernozem is one of the largest agricultural regions in Russia. As a result of the long period of natural resources use the anthropogenic load on agricultural lands is increasing. The result of agricultural nature management is the increase of land degradation processes. Voronezh Region has a high agro-climatic potential, most of the territory is occupied by agricultural land, arable land prevails among them. Soil degradation is the most acute problem. There is a need to assess the impact of agricultural natural resources use on land resources of the region. Modular coefficients for assessment of geochemical impact of agriculture and animal husbandry on agricultural systems are proposed. The developed factor is a tool for identification of negative land use processes and environmental problems. The article deals with the issues of ecologically oriented, scientifically grounded strategy of agricultural nature management. Ecological approach to assessment of soil quality in the future will develop a strategy for balanced land use. The article has a scientific and practical character and is aimed at the development of methods of ecological assessment of soil quality. The proposed methodological approach identifies destructive processes in soils. For ecologically oriented strategy of development of regions it is important to define maximum allowable agricultural loads for preservation of sustainable environment.


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