scholarly journals Assessment of health risk by wind chill factor in the Krasnoyarsk Krai

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
RS Rakhmanov ◽  
ES Bogomolova ◽  
DA Narutdinov ◽  
TV Badeeva
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Krasnoyarsk Krai ◽  
Climate Zone ◽  
Wind Chill ◽  
Maximum Wind ◽  
Subarctic Climate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Continental Climate

Wind affects functional state and health of human beings. Physical activity mitigates the risk of hypothermia, but not the discomfort felt in cold winds. Moreover, there appears a risk of body cooling and frostbite. This study aimed to assess the risk to health of a human being associated with the wind chill factor index in the various climatic zones of a Russian region. The calculation relied on the mean monthly daily temperature and wind speed values, minimum temperature and maximum wind values registered in the subarctic and continental climate zones during the two climatological normals determination observation periods, 19611990 (second period) and 1991–2020 (third period). In the third period, a significant decrease in wind strength was registered in the subarctic (8 months) and temperate continental (9 months) climates. The mean monthly temperatures increased in April by 3.5 °C (p = 0.006), April–June by 4.05 °C (p = 0.001) and 3.9 °C (p = 0.001). The maximum wind in the subarctic climate did not change, in the temperate continental zone it decreased within 9 months; the minimum temperature increased in 4 and 1 months. In the subarctic zone, the mean temperature and wind values made the ambient conditions uncomfortable for 6 months (versus 7), with one characterized as "extremely cold"; the cold exposure risk decreased during the "very cold" period; in the temperate climate zone, the potentially uncomfortable conditions period lasted for 4 months (versus 6). With wind at the maximum and temperature at the minimum, in the subarctic climate, the weather remained severe for 8 months a year in each of the determination periods ("uncomfortable, chilly" — 2 months, "cold, skin surface hypothermia" — 1 month, "extremely cold, possible hypothermia of the exposed parts of the body in 10 minutes" — 5 months); in the temperate continental climate zone, it was severe for 5 months of each year ("uncomfortable, chilly" — 2 months, "cold, skin surface hypothermia" — 3 month).

Assessment of Weather and Climate-Related Risks to Human Health in Different Areas of the Krasnoyarsk Region

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
DA Narutdinov ◽  
RS Rakhmanov ◽  
ES Bogomolova ◽  
SA Razgulin
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Maximum Wind ◽  
Average Wind ◽  
Weather And Climate ◽  
Effective Temperatures ◽  
Temperate Climates

Introduction: Extreme climate conditions have a negative impact on human health. Purpose: The study aimed to assess weather and climate-related risks to human health in different areas of the Krasnoyarsk Region by effective temperatures estimated during two long-term observation periods. Materials and methods: We analyzed ambient temperatures (average monthly and minimum), wind speed (average and maximum), and relative humidity in the subarctic and temperate continental zones estimated during the periods of determining climatic norms in 1961–1990 and 1991–2020. The health risk was assessed on the basis of effective temperatures. Results: In the subarctic zone, the wind strength (average and maximum values) decreased, the duration of such periods increased just like the ambient temperature while the relative humidity did not change. In temperate climates, all indicators have changed. In the subarctic zone, in the second observation period, frostbite was possible within 20–30 minutes during two months (versus 3 in the first). In the temperate climate, there was no such risk to humans. At the minimum temperature and maximum wind speed in the subarctic zone, the risk of frostbite is possible during 5 months (versus 6): after 10–15 minutes during two months and after 20–30 minutes – during three months of the year. In temperate climates, frostbite is possible within 20–30 minutes during two months (versus 3 in the first period). Conclusions: In the interval of establishing climatic norms (1991–2020), a significant increase in effective temperatures was determined: in the subarctic zone with the average wind strength and temperature in February–April and June, with maximum wind and minimum temperature – in March–July; in temperate climates, in April and June, respectively. The duration of periods of health risks posed by cold temperature exposures in the subarctic climate with average wind and temperature values equaled two months (I–II), with maximum wind speed and minimum temperatures – five months (XI–III); in the temperate climate, it was null and 2 (3) months (I, II, and XII), respectively.

Long-term dynamics of thermal comfort in the territories of the Krasnoyarsk region climate belts

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
Rofail Salykhovich Rakhmanov ◽  
Denis Alekseevich Narutdinov ◽  
Elena Sergeevna Bogomolova ◽  
Natalya Nikolaevna Potekhina ◽  
Sergey Aleksandrovich Razgulin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
General Population ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Effective Temperature ◽  
Climate Zones ◽  
Climate Zone ◽  
Subarctic Climate ◽  
Continental Climate

Health risk assessment in the general population in different climate zones of the Krasnoyarsk Territory by the equivalent effective temperature (EET). The average monthly EET according to Missenard was calculated, their dynamics and health risk were assessed within two periods of determining climate norms for the last 10 years of each period (1961–1990 and 1991–2020). Within the period of 1991–2020 compared with the previous period in the subarctic climate in the summer months, EET had positive values (in opposition of 2 months in 1961–1990), increased in April by 7.87 °С (p = 0.0004), in June by 5.56 °С (p = 0.019) and October by 3.2 °С (p = 0.038); in continental climate zone — in April at 5.23 °С (p = 0.0001), in June at 3.88 °С (p = 0.0009) and in August at 1.32 °С (p = 0.023). Living conditions of the population have become more favorable, the nature of the health risk has changed. In the subarctic climate, the changes in uncomfortable conditions occurred according to the criteria of «frostbite threat» — «cold» (5 months against 6 months in the first period), «cool» — «moderately cool» (2 months against 3 months), «comfort, moderately warm. «In the continental climate zone, the changes were noted according to the criteria of «moderately warm» — «very cool» (7 months against 5 months). In both climate zones, positive changes have caused a decrease in health risk according to two criteria («the threat of frostbite»; «very cold»); there was a shift from the risk assessed as «cold»towards «comfort, moderately warm».

The importance of the calculation of angle factors to determine the mean radiant temperature in temperate climate zone: A university office building case

2021 ◽  
pp. 1420326X2110463
Author(s):  
Mehmet Furkan Özbey ◽  
Cihan Turhan
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Mean Radiant Temperature ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Climate Zone ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Radiant Temperature ◽  
Temperate Climate Zone

Thermal comfort depends on four environmental (air velocity, relative humidity, air temperature, mean radiant temperature) and two personal (clothing insulation and metabolic rate) parameters. Among all parameters, the mean radiant temperature (tr) is the most problematic variable in thermal comfort studies due to its complexity. Measurement methods, calculation methods and assumptions are mostly used to obtain the tr. Researchers mainly prefer to obtain the tr via measurement methods or assumptions due to their easiness compared to the calculation methods. Besides, some researchers use constant values of angle factors in calculation methods. However, using constant values is not proper for every indoor environment, and it causes wrong estimations in the tr and thus the thermal comfort. This paper gives the importance of calculation of angle factors, with an example of a university office building in temperate climate zone, according to the ISO 7726. The angle factors of the room were calculated for a seated occupant from the centre of gravity in three different locations and compared with the constant angle factors. The results indicate that a significant difference (MAPE of 1.02) was found in the tr values, which were obtained by calculation of constant values of angle factors.

The Difference in Facial Movement Between the Medial and the Lateral Midface: A 3D Skin Surface Vector Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L Freytag ◽  
Michael G Alfertshofer ◽  
Konstantin Frank ◽  
Dmitry V Melnikov ◽  
Nicholas Moellhoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Imaging ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Facial Movements ◽  
Anatomic Location ◽  
Objective Evidence ◽  
The Face ◽  
Functional Boundary ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background Our understanding of the functional anatomy of the face is constantly improving. To date, it is unclear whether the anatomic location of the line of ligaments has any functional importance during normal facial movements such as smiling. Objectives It is the objective of the present study to identify differences in facial movements between the medial and lateral midface by means of skin vector displacement analyses derived from 3D imaging and to further ascertain whether the line of ligaments has both a structural and functional significance in these movements. Methods The study sample consisted of 21 healthy volunteers (9 females & 12 males) of Caucasian ethnic background with a mean age of 30.6 (8.3) years and a mean BMI of 22.57 (2.5) kg/m 2. 3D images of the volunteers’ faces in repose and during smiling (Duchenne type) were taken. 3D imaging-based skin vector displacement analyses were conducted. Results The mean horizontal skin displacement was 0.08 (2.0) mm in the medial midface (lateral movement) and was -0.08 (1.96) mm in the lateral midface (medial movement) (p = 0.711). The mean vertical skin displacement (cranial movement of skin toward the forehead/temple) was 6.68 (2.4) mm in the medial midface whereas it was 5.20 (2.07) mm in the lateral midface (p = 0.003). Conclusions The results of this study provide objective evidence for an antagonistic skin movement between the medial and the lateral midface. The functional boundary identified by 3D imaging corresponds to the anatomic location of the line of ligaments.

Observations on 287 thunder-storms made at highfield house, near Nottingham, during the last nine years

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 957-957
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Tabular Form ◽  
The Hours ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Atmospheric Phenomena ◽  
Rotatory Motion

The thunder-storms referred to in this communication are recorded in a tabular form., arranged according to their dates. In this table are given the date; the hour of the commencement of the storm; the mean height of the barometer to tenths of an inch; whether it is rising, stationary, or falling; the direction of the wind before the storm, during its continuance, and after its cessation; the maximum temperature on the day of the storm and on the day after; the minimum temperature on the night before and on the night after; and general remarks on the storms. This table is followed by remarks on particular storms recorded in it. In conclusion the author gives the results of his observations with reference to the number of storms in each year; the number in each month, with the hours at which they mostly occur in particular months; the number that have occurred with a rising, stationary, or falling barometer; the number in respect to the direction of the wind and of the current in which the storms moved; the number of storms that have occurred at the various heights of the maximum, and also of the minimum thermometer; the number in which the peculiar breeze that suddenly springs up on the commencement of thunder-storms has been well marked; the change in the direction of some of these storms, and indications of rotatory motion; and finally, the different atmospheric phenomena which have accompanied these storms.

Research of the energy efficiency of a combined air and water heating of a public building

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-131
Author(s):  
K. A. Ignatiev ◽  
E. R. Giniyatullin ◽  
M. G. Ziganshin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Water Heating ◽  
Efficient Control ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Academic Building ◽  
Continental Climate

Combined air and water heating schemes have been actively used recently for heating public and residential premises. They have certain advantages in countries with a warm climate, whereas in a temperate climate, their use may be unfeasible. The most effective regulation of the heating system in the building can be expected, if all the technology specifics are taken into account, in terms of both the purpose of the room and the methods of regulation. A system focused only on weather-based regulation falls short of meeting to energy-efficient control classes: a heat carrier with the same temperature is distributed among rooms with different requirements for temperature and humidity characteristics. The issues of ensuring the energy efficiency of the combined air and water heating system in public buildings for the temperate continental climate of Russia — the academic building (AB) and laboratory building (LB) of the Kazan State Energy University (KSEU) have been considered. Heating devices of the KSEU heating system have manual control valves installed in the premises, or radiator valves with thermostatic heads, but without room controllers, which does not meet the energy-efficient control classes. An experimental survey of the functioning of the heating system of the KSEU buildings during the 2019 – 2020 and 2020 – 2021 heating seasons was conducted. The optical pyrometry method was used to measure the temperature of the surfaces of windows, walls and elements of the heating system, as well as the temperature and humidity of the air in lecture rooms and corridors of the AB and LB of the KSEU. The parameters of heating devices and indoor air in rooms of various purposes were found compliant with the current sanitary and hygienic requirements. At the same time, the need to switch to a higher class of regulation has been revealed, since, under the current situation, the parameters of the indoor air depend on the outdoor temperature: in the abnormally warm winter of 2020, the indoor air temperature was at the edge of the maximum permissible value, while in the normal climate of winter of 2021, it was at the edge of the minimum permissible value.

Evaluation of the allergenicity of various types of urban parks in a warm temperate climate zone

Aerobiologia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kasprzyk ◽  
T. Wójcik ◽  
P. Cariñanos ◽  
K. Borycka ◽  
A. Ćwik
Keyword(s):  
Urban Parks ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Climate Zone ◽  
Warm Temperate ◽  
Temperate Climate Zone

scholarly journals How will climate change modify river flow regimes in Europe?

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 325-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Schneider ◽  
C. L. R. Laizé ◽  
M. C. Acreman ◽  
M. Flörke
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Flow Regimes ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Climate Zone ◽  
Natural Flow ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Boreal Climate

Abstract. Worldwide, flow regimes are being modified by various anthropogenic impacts and climate change induces an additional risk. Rising temperatures, declining snow cover and changing precipitation patterns will interact differently at different locations. Consequently, in distinct climate zones, unequal consequences can be expected in matters of water stress, flood risk, water quality, and food security. In particular, river ecosystems and their vital ecosystem services will be compromised as their species richness and composition have evolved over long time under natural flow conditions. This study aims at evaluating the exclusive impacts of climate change on river flow regimes in Europe. Various flow characteristics are taken into consideration and diverse dynamics are identified for each distinct climate zone in Europe. In order to simulate present-day natural flow regimes and future flow regimes under climate change, the global hydrology model WaterGAP3 is applied. All calculations for current and future conditions (2050s) are carried out on a 5' × 5' European grid. To address uncertainty, bias-corrected climate forcing data of three different global climate models are used to drive WaterGAP3. Finally, the hydrological alterations of different flow characteristics are quantified by the Indicators of Hydrological Alteration approach. Results of our analysis indicate that on the European scale, climate change can be expected to modify flow regimes remarkably. This is especially the case in the Mediterranean (due to drier conditions with reduced precipitation across the year) and in the boreal climate zone (due to reduced snowmelt, increased precipitation, and strong temperature rises). In the temperate climate zone, impacts increase from oceanic to continental. Regarding single flow characteristics, strongest impacts on timing were found for the boreal climate zone. This applies for both high and low flows. Flow magnitudes, in turn, will be predominantly altered in the Mediterranean but also in the Northern climates. At the end of this study, typical future flow regimes under climate change are illustrated for each climate zone.

scholarly journals Temperature Change and Its Elevation Dependency in the Source Region of the Yangtze River and Yellow River

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chongyi E ◽  
Hongchang Hu ◽  
Hong Xie ◽  
Yongjuan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Change ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
Extreme Minimum Temperature ◽  
The Mean

The study of temperature change and its elevation dependency in the source region of the Yangtze River and Yellow River have been insufficient owing to the lack of adequate observation stations and long-term climatic data. In this study five temperature indices of 32 stations from 1961 to 2007 in and near the source region are used. The 32 stations all have experienced significant warming; the warming amplitudes are higher than the mean warming amplitude of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. The warming amplitudes and the numbers of stations showing significant warming trends in mean minimum temperature and extreme minimum temperature are higher than that of the mean maximum temperature and extreme maximum temperature. The elevation dependency of climatic warming and the amount of significant warming stations are not obvious; the influence of human activity and urbanization may be higher. The warming amplitudes of 26 stations above 3000 m tend to be uniform, and there is no significant law at 6 stations below 3000 m. On the contrary, the ratio of stations showing significant warming in minimum temperature above 4000 m is far less than that of the stations below 4000 m.

scholarly journals Comparative study on thermal comfort responses and sleep quality between Indonesian and Japanese students during summer in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 896 (1) ◽  
pp. 012074
Author(s):  
W Budiawan ◽  
K Tsuzuki ◽  
H Sakakibara
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Japanese Students ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The comfort temperature and sleep quality of Indonesian residing in Japan during summer might be different from Japanese. As an extended previous research, this study aimed to compare the thermal comfort and sleep quality between Japanese and Indonesian students. Male Indonesian and Japanese students aged 20-35 years participated in this study. The participants completed a survey regarding thermal sensation before sleep. During sleep, actigraphy was used to monitor sleep. Additionally, the temperature and relative humidity of the participants’ bedrooms were recorded. The findings of this study indicated that Indonesian students’ bedroom temperature and relative humidity were not significantly different from those of Japanese students during the summer. Most of Indonesian students preferred neutral, like the Japanese students. According to a thermal comfort survey, Indonesians had the same sensation as Japanese (slightly comfortable). However, the Griffiths method revealed that the mean comfort temperature of Indonesian was higher than those of Japanese students. We also discovered that Indonesian students had shorter duration on bed and sleep minute than Japanese students. Furthermore, the sleep rate of Indonesian students was comparable to that of Japanese students. In conclusion, Indonesian students as tropical native became capable of adjusting to the hot and humid conditions in temperate climate, Japan.

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