scholarly journals Organizational and legal approaches in fighting organized crime

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (34) ◽  
pp. 297-316
Author(s):  
Viktor A. Baiov ◽  
Anton P. Rone ◽  
Raisa V. Perelyhina ◽  
Oleksandr O. Kovtun ◽  
Olesia Y. Urlapova
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Public Involvement ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Legal Factor ◽  
Deductive Method ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
International Strategies

The purpose of the article is to identify the factors affecting organized crime and to define aspects of tackling it. The methods of statistical analysis, factor analysis, hypothetical-deductive method, correlation method, generalization method and analogue method were used. The article identified countries with high and low levels of organized crime. Impact of economic development and corruption on the level of organized crime was proved insignificant. Legal factor is not the key aspect of tackling organized crime. Legal approach in tackling organized crime includes: adoption of an international normative legal acts on mutual assistance; development and signing of international agreements on cooperation; development of national and international strategies. The organizational approach implies: international cooperation; decentralization of public oversight authorities and law enforcement agencies in the system of control; development of a program of public involvement; partnership building between state and public institutions.

scholarly journals Public Response, Anxiety and Behaviour during the First Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4628
Author(s):  
Amani Salem Alqahtani ◽  
Meshael Mohammed Alrasheed ◽  
Ada Mohammed Alqunaibet
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Public Response ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Phone Survey ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Government

This study aims to investigate public response attitude, anxiety, practices and trust in the authorities’ mitigation plan during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. A national cross sectional phone survey was conducted among Saudi residents aged 16 years and above. A total of 90,421 (45.2%) individuals participated in the study. Of those, the overall rate of COVID-19 correct knowledge was 82% (mean: 9.84); social media was the most reported source of knowledge. Younger age, low levels of education and foreign residents were associated with poor knowledge. Overall, 49.5% scored 5 or more on the GAD-7 test, indicating anxiety symptoms, 19.2% of them scored 10 and above, suggesting moderate to severe anxiety. Majority of participants (>78%) trusted and supported the interventions implemented by the government to control COVID-19. Social distancing practices among participants was as following, 72.5% stayed at home and avoid going out for nonessential business and 49.5% avoided attending social events and family gatherings. Trust in authorities, being anxious, worry and levels of knowledge about the disease, were the most common factors affecting adoption of the recommended practices. Continuous evaluation of public response about COVID-19, and the effectiveness of protective measures is essential to better inform policy-makers and identify ways of encouraging behaviour change among public during pandemic.

Integrating Visualization into Structured Public Involvement: Case Study of Highway Improvement in Central Kentucky

2002 ◽  
Vol 1817 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiron Bailey ◽  
Joel Brumm ◽  
Ted Grossardt
Keyword(s):  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Public Involvement ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
State Highway ◽  
Advanced Technologies ◽  
Design Options ◽  
State Highway Agencies

Public involvement in transportation infrastructure decision making is frequently mandated and is regarded as increasingly essential by a wide variety of stakeholders. The integration of advanced technologies, such as visualization, into this process is increasingly desired. However, public involvement processes often are regarded as problematic by many stakeholders and the state highway agencies charged with implementing them. Structured public involvement (SPI) is posited. SPI takes a systems approach toward the integration of advanced technologies into public involvement forums. Because the goal of public involvement is to increase user satisfaction with both the process and the outcomes, the characteristics of advanced technologies and their capacities for gathering useful feedback in public forums must be evaluated. Visualization is put forth as an enabling technology within an SPI framework. The properties, capacities, and transportation-related uses of three visualization modes are evaluated, and their operational features are discussed. A case study dealing with highway improvement in central Kentucky reveals that three-dimensional renderings are significantly preferred to twodimensional and virtual reality modes; the case study also shows that visualization should complement, not replace, other performance information. The role of electronic scoring as an integral component of this SPI protocol is emphasized, resulting in fast assessment and free expression of views. Factors affecting the efficiency of visualization are analyzed, and recommendations are presented for implementing SPI protocols that rely on visualization. These include investigating participants' previous experience with visualization, incorporating iterative public involvement in finalizing design options, and ensuring that the technologies are compatible with the chosen public involvement process.

International anti-corruption standards

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S4) ◽  
pp. 1552-1567
Author(s):  
Vasyl Topchii ◽  
Svitlana Zadereiko ◽  
Galyna Didkivska ◽  
Olesia Bodunova ◽  
Dmytro Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
World Community ◽  
Competent Person ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Positive Results

The article studies the issues of combating corruption in the aspect of its incorporation into international standards. Corruption has been identified as a threat to democracy and economic development in many States. It arises from the process of the exchange of power for material assets, that is, when a competent person performs or refrains from performing certain actions for remuneration, and due to the weakness or weakness of the state, political, and public institutions that control and limit these processes. It is noted that the world community is seriously thinking about those negative consequences (threat of statehood, undermining trust in the authorities, causing harm to the individual, society, the functioning of organized crime, a drop in the level of professionalism of employees, a decrease in the level of legal awareness of spirituality) caused by corruption, and realizes that all States need to act as one to achieve serious positive results. It is noted that the international community, to develop effective measures to prevent and eradicate corruption, has adopted several international treaties, as well as recommendations that are not binding but are used by States as effective mechanisms for monitoring corruption.

Whom Should We Target to Prevent? Analysis of Organized Crime in England using Intelligence Records

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Denley ◽  
Barak Ariel
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Promising Avenue

Much of the literature on organized crime is based on media, arrests and prosecution records, while research based on intelligence data on this otherwise clandestine criminality is scarce. We present aggregated intelligence data on all known organized crime groups (ocgs) and ocgs members in West Midlands region of the United Kingdom, encompassing records on 2,726 highly-prolific offenders and 280 groups, collated based on over a million records from multiple law enforcement agencies. Using a cross-sectional analysis of the records, we describe in granular details the characteristics, patterns and criminal endeavor of organized crime in one of the largest regions in the United Kingdom. Social network analyses are explored as well, in order to observe the links between both offenders within the same ocg as well as between ocgs. The results debunk previously assumed notions about suitable targets in the policing of organized crime. (a) Based on internal records, police pursue is responsible for the archiving of less than 6% of inactive ocgs, while more than 2/3’s of the ocgs become inactive due to ‘market’ reasons regardless of enforcement pursues; (b) more than half of ocg members have ‘replaceable’, low-level jobs (i.e., drug suppliers, enforcers and criminal activity organizers), while 20% are considered principal members of the groups (who are older and more experienced offenders, as per their arrest records) (c) larger ocgs appear to pose a greater threat to society than smaller ocgs, while the latter are more likely to be ‘naturally’ dispersed over time; (d) given the inefficiencies that characterize the current pursue approach, a promising avenue of exploration is the targeting of younger and less experienced co-offenders of ocg members, before they ‘formally’ join the ocgs and through preventative mechanism. We discuss these findings and offer scholars and practitioners new considerations for future inquiries.

scholarly journals Factors affecting the abundance of age-0 Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) in Chesapeake Bay

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 2238-2251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward D. Houde ◽  
Eric R. Annis ◽  
Lawrence W. Harding ◽  
Michael E. Mallonee ◽  
Michael J. Wilberg
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Atlantic Menhaden ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Brevoortia Tyrannus ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract The abundance of prerecruit, age-0 Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), declined to low levels in Chesapeake Bay in the 1990s, after two decades of high abundances in the 1970s–1980s. Environmental factors and trophodynamics were hypothesized to control age-0 menhaden abundance. Data on age-0 menhaden abundance from seine and trawl surveys were analysed with respect to primary productivity, chlorophyll a (Chl a), and environmental variables. Abundance from 1989 to 2004 was strongly correlated with metrics of primary production and euphotic-layer Chl a, especially during spring months when larval menhaden transform into filter-feeding, phytoplanktivorous juveniles. Correlation, principal components, and multiple regression analyses were conducted that identified factors associated with age-0 menhaden abundance. Primary production, Chl a, and variables associated with freshwater flow, e.g. Secchi disk depth and zooplankton assemblages, were correlated with age-0 menhaden abundance. Lengths of age-0 menhaden were positively related to mean levels of annual primary production. However, lengths were negatively related to age-0 menhaden abundance, indicating that growth may be density-dependent. The identified relationships suggest that numbers of menhaden larvae ingressing to Chesapeake Bay and environmental factors that subsequently control primary productivity and food for juveniles within the Bay may control recruitment levels of Atlantic menhaden.

Environmental Factors Affecting Predation Rates of Mysis relicta

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Cooper ◽  
Charles R. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Bright Light ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Mysis Relicta ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Opossum Shrimp ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Low Levels

Mysis relicta was fed Epischura nevadensis late instars or Diaptomus tyrrelli males in a series of feeding experiments. Mysis clearance rates were not affected by the time of day mysids were collected, the time of day experiments were conducted, or conditioning of experimental water by predators and prey. Mysis fed as efficiently in the dark as in bright light, and exhibited increasing clearance rates with increasing container size. When Diaptomus males were used as prey Mysis clearance rates were significantly higher at 5 °C than 10 and 15 °C; temperature did not affect clearance rates with Epischura as prey. Mean clearance rates tended to decline with increasing prey density, but the only significant differences were recorded when Epischura was used as prey. Prior acclimation to experimental light and temperature conditions had no effect on the results. When presented with an abundant food supply, freshly collected Mysis fed at initially low rates. Subsequent feeding rate peaks were followed by feeding rate declines to low levels over a 24-h period. Individual Mysis consumption rates remained relatively constant from day to day.Key words: Mysis relicta, predation, copepods, clearance rates, opossum shrimp

scholarly journals Influence of Inoculum Density of Verticillium dahliae on Root Discoloration of Horseradish

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Khan ◽  
N. Atibalentja ◽  
D. M. Eastburn
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Inoculum Density ◽  
Forecast System ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Initial Inoculum ◽  
Disease Forecast ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Negative Exponential ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between inoculum density (number of microsclerotia per gram of air-dried soil) of Verticillium dahliae at the time of planting and the severity and incidence of root discoloration of horseradish at harvest was investigated in a 2-year study conducted in the greenhouse, microplots, and commercial production fields. The objective of the study was to develop a disease-forecast system that would assist growers in assessing the risk of the disease before planting horseradish in a particular field. Significant correlations were observed between inoculum density and severity and incidence of root discoloration in the greenhouse and microplots, although the form of the relationship varied with trials from linear to quadratic and negative exponential. No correlation was found between inoculum density of V. dahliae and severity and incidence of root discoloration in commercial production fields. In some fields with low inoculum densities, high ratings of severity and incidence of root discoloration were observed even with the partially resistant cultivar 769A. Conversely, in other fields with high inoculum densities, low ratings of severity and incidence of discolored roots were observed even with the susceptible cultivar 647A. These results suggest that a disease-forecast system based solely on inoculum densities of V. dahliae would be unreliable under field conditions when the other factors affecting the inoculum density-disease relationships cannot be controlled. Knowing the amount of initial inoculum may, however, save growers from planting horseradish in highly infested fields, but it would not guarantee a disease-free crop in fields with low levels of infestation.

scholarly journals Overview of the Characteristics of the Albanian Organized Crime - Development Trends Over the Years

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Ina Rama
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Frame Work ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
Criminal Groups ◽  
The Impact

The paper aims to describe in general terms some features of the Albanian organized crime, considering its evolution over the years, either in terms of the way its groups are organized or in terms of the type and field of its activity.  Regarding he content of the paper, by the term of the “Albanian organized crime” should be considered, the organizations of Albanian speaking groups, which cross the borders of the Albanian state and extend to other Albanian territories. They apparently, show similar characteristics and forms concerning their organization as that among the Albanians citizens. The first part of the paper describes the features of the Albanian organized crime based on the characteristics related to the nature and culture of the country or typologies that have accompanied the behavior of Albanians towards illegal activities and that have distinguished them from other groups within the same category. The paper emphases the idea of ​​the important impact that has had the historical context in which the country has passed through, on the typology of this type of crime as well as, the influence of political and economic factors in the foundation and development of these criminal groups. The paper provides a description of the impact and importance of Albanian organized crime in the frame work of the organized crime that exists in Italy and in other countries of the region as well as, the impact that these groups have in relation to each other. In particular, the paper has addressed the typology and developments that have followed the Albanian organized crime over the years, in terms of criminal activity in the field of drug trafficking, providing data on the type of drugs that are cultivated and marketed in the country and also the role that this type of criminality has played in frame work of balkan route. The characteristics of organized crime in the area of arms trafficking are also addressed in a special way, reflecting some of its known features and specifics that comes as a result from consulting the open source data. The characteristics of organized crime are also summarized regarding the criminal activity carried out in the area of trafficking in human beings, especially those whose, as origin country is Albania. The paper closes with a citation of criminal activities which, although not yet dominant in the field of Albanian organized crime activity, have begun to be more and more present, becoming an important issue in the focus of foreign law enforcement agencies.   Received: 2 May 2021 / Accepted: 15 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021

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