scholarly journals Gender differences in solo entrepreneurship in modern countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (34) ◽  
pp. 224-238
Author(s):  
Iuliia Pinkovetskaia ◽  
Natalia Neif ◽  
Aleksandra Navasardyan ◽  
Tatyana Treskova ◽  
Marina Yashina
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Initial Information ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Creation ◽  
National Economies

Aim of the study is to evaluate the indicators describing the level of solo entrepreneurship among women and men who are beginning entrepreneurs in different countries. Empirical data provided in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring Project for fifty-nine countries were used as initial information in calculations. Economic and mathematical modeling was based on development of density functions normal distribution. In the study, three indicators describing solo entrepreneurship in 59 countries were evaluated: share of solo entrepreneurs-women in the total number of women who participate in the creation of their own businesses in different countries; share of solo entrepreneurs-men in total number of men who participate in creation of their own businesses in different countries; ratio of the above-mentioned shares of solo entrepreneurs of women and men. Average values and ranges of changes in considered indicators were determined, which are typical for most countries. In addition, national economies that are characterized by high and low values of each of the three indicators were identified. The study showed that there is a gender gap in the values of indicators in most countries. It is proved that share of women involved in solo entrepreneurship in most countries is higher than that of men.

scholarly journals Gender aspects of entrepreneurs’ motivation in modern countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (39) ◽  
pp. 218-224
Author(s):  
I.S. Pinkovetskaia ◽  
N.V. Berezina ◽  
A.A. Navasardyan ◽  
N.M. Neif
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Urgent Problem ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Aspects ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
National Economies

Entrepreneurship plays an important role in both developed and developing countries. Therefore, an urgent problem is to study the motivation of starting entrepreneurs. The aim of the study is to measure indicators offering the levels of motivation (forced and voluntary) of men and women who want to create their own businesses in modern national economies. Our research is based on empirical data obtained from the 2019 Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring Project for 59 countries. The study proved that the share of the quantity of men voluntarily involved in the creation of new businesses in most countries is greater than the share of women in the total quantity of relevant gender strata. The average values of six indicators describing the motivation of women and men for the countries under consideration were determined; presented the difference of indicators by country; identified countries with maximum and minimum indicators.

scholarly journals Motives for Early-Stage Entrepreneurship in Modern Economies

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 04013
Author(s):  
I.S. Pinkovetskaia ◽  
T.V. Gromova ◽  
I.N. Nikitina
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Distribution Density ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Entrepreneurial Climate ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Start Ups

The relevance of the study is due to the important role played by small and individual entrepreneurship in the vast majority of modern national economies. The aim of the study is to assess the indicators describing the ratio of voluntary, highly demanding and necessity-driven entrepreneurs in the total number of start-ups. The results of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor project for 2018 were used as input data. Modeling of empirical data and evaluation of differentiation of the considered parameters was based on the development of normal distribution density functions. According to the results of modeling average values and change intervals of specific indicators were established. The originality of the work is associated with the assessment of the share of voluntary, highly demanding and necessity-driven entrepreneurs in the total number of early-stage entrepreneurs in 48 countries. The novelty of the study is due to the assessment of indicators characterizing the current motivation of entrepreneurs, as well as the ratio of the above mentioned indicators. The results of the study can be used in the formation of an entrepreneurial climate aimed at the development of a highly demanding business.

scholarly journals Motivation of new entrepreneurs in modern economies

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (29) ◽  
pp. 368-373
Author(s):  
I.S. Pinkovetskaia ◽  
Diego Felipe Arbeláez-Campillo ◽  
Magda Julissa Rojas-Bahamón ◽  
Daniela S. Veas Iniesta
Keyword(s):  
Initial Data ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Monitoring Report

Recent decades have shown an increasing role of entrepreneurship in both economically developed and developing national economies. The purpose of the research is the estimation of the indicators that describe the proportion of voluntary, demanding and forced entrepreneurs in the total number of early entrepreneurs. The existing ratio of entrepreneurs with different motivation was also evaluated. The study used empirical data obtained in 2018 and presented in the Global entrepreneurship monitoring report. The normal distribution functions were used to develop economic and mathematical models for approximating initial data and evaluating four indicators of early entrepreneurs motivation in different countries.

TRANSITION FROM DREAMERS-ENTREPRENEURS TO ACTIVE ENTREPRENEURS: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN NATIONAL ECONOMIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (195) ◽  
pp. 66-74
Author(s):  
Yu.S. Pinkovetskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
National Economies

The article is devoted to the actual problem of the existing differences in the early entrepreneurial activity of women and men. The aim of the study is to assess the current levels of interest and participation of women and men in early entrepreneurship in modern national economies. The study solved the problems of determining the values of indicators that characterize the intentions of people to create their own new businesses, their involvement in this activity, as well as the ownership of newly created enterprises. The study used the results of surveys conducted in 59 countries during the implementation of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring Project as the initial information. The study examined the assessment of 9 indicators that characterize the early entrepreneurship of women and men, as well as the corresponding gender differences. Functions were obtained that demonstrate the distribution of indicators in 59 countries, describing the proportion of women and men, who have intentions to create their own businesses, and are involved in these processes, and are beginners in entrepreneurship. In addition, an assessment of gender differences in 3 stages of early entrepreneurship was carried out. The results showed that in most countries there is a gender gap between the indicators of early entrepreneurial activity, women participate in such activity to a lesser extent compared to men. The author's assessment of the values of indicators for Russia and foreign countries showed that in our country, both women and men are less interested in an entrepreneurial career than representatives of other countries. The results obtained are new and original, and have theoretical and practical significance for governments and entrepreneurs. The methodological approach presented in the article to the assessment of gender differences in early entrepreneurship can be applied in further studies. The new knowledge gained is of interest and can be used in the educational process at universities.

scholarly journals Mathematical modeling on the base of functions density of normal distribution

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (33) ◽  
pp. 34-49
Author(s):  
Iuliia Pinkovetskaia ◽  
Yulia Nuretdinova ◽  
Ildar Nuretdinov ◽  
Natalia Lipatova
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Large Sets ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov

One of the urgent tasks in many modern scientific studies is the comparative analysis of indicators that characterize large sets of similar objects located in different regions. Given the significant differences between the regions compared, this analysis should be carried out using relative indicators. The objective of the study was to use the density functions of the normal distribution to model empirical data that describe the compared sets of objects located in different regions. The methodological approach was based on the Chebyshev and Lyapunov theorems. The research results focus on the main stages of the construction of normal distribution functions and the corresponding histograms, as well as the determination of the parameters of these functions. The work possesses a degree of originality, since it provides answers to questions such as the justification of the necessary information base; performing computational experiments and developing alternative options for the generation of normal distribution density functions; comprehensive evaluation of the quality of the functions obtained through three statistical tests: Pearson, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk; identification of patterns that characterize the distribution of indicators of the sets of objects considered. Examples of empirical data models are given using distribution functions to estimate the share of innovative firms in the total number of firms in the regions of Russia.

scholarly journals Assessment of Gender Differences Characteristic of the Main Stages of Entrepreneurial Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Iuliia S. Pinkovetskaia ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
National Economies

The article is devoted to the actual problem of the existing differences in the entrepreneurial activity of women and men. The aim of the study is to assess the current levels of participation of women and men in business activities in modern national economies. The study solved the problems of determining the values of indicators that characterize the initial stage of entrepreneurship, stabile entrepreneurship, as well as the exit of entrepreneurs from their businesses. As a starting point, the study used the results of surveys conducted in 59 countries during the implementation of the Global entrepreneurship monitoring project. In the course of the work, the assessment of nine indicators characterizing such stages as start- up and stabile entrepreneurship, as well as the termination of this activity, was considered. The study developed functions that show the distribution of indicators across 59 countries that describe the proportion of women and men in the three main stages of entrepreneurship. In addition, gender differences in these three stages were assessed. The results showed that in most countries there is a gender gap between the indicators of entrepreneurial activity, that is, women participate in it to a lesser extent than men. Comparing the values of indicators for Russia and foreign countries showed that both women and men in our country are less interested in an entrepreneurial career in contrast to other countries. The results obtained are new and original. They have theoretical and practical implications for governments and entrepreneurs. The methodological approach to assessing gender differences in entrepreneurship presented in the article can be used in further research. The new knowledge gained is of interest and can be used in the educational process at universities.

Individual entrepreneurship in the modern world: gender aspect

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Yulia S. Pinkovetskaya
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Distribution Density ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Gender Aspect

Relevance. Our research was devoted to such a field of human activity as individual entrepreneurship. The experience of most countries shows that this activity has developed significantly in recent years. Research on individual entrepreneurship is relevant because it provides a justification for improving this type of activity. The purpose of the study is to evaluate indicators describing the level of individual entrepreneurship in the total number of women and men who are emerging and beginning entrepreneurs in different countries. Materials and methods. The calculations were based on empirical data provided in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring project for fifty-nine countries. Economic and mathematical modeling was based on the development of normal distribution density functions. Results. The study evaluated three indicators describing the gender dimensions of individual entrepreneurship in 59 countries. The average values and ranges of changes in the considered indicators were determined, which are typical for most countries. In addition, national economies were identified that are characterized by high and low values of each of the three indicators. The study showed that there is a gender gap in the values of indicators in most countries. It is proved that the share of women involved in individual entrepreneurship in most countries is higher than that of men. The presence of significant differences in the values of the three indicators under consideration by country is shown. The comparison of the values of indicators for Russia and foreign countries is carried out. Conclusion. The results obtained are of theoretical and practical significance for governments and entrepreneurs. The methodological approach to assessing gender differences in individual entrepreneurship presented in the article can be used in further research. The new knowledge gained is of interest and can be used in the educational process at universities.

scholarly journals Participation of Women and Men in Entrepreneurship in Various Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 4/2021 (94) ◽  
pp. 200-219
Author(s):  
Iuliia Pinkovetskaia ◽  
◽  
Anton Lebedev ◽  
Natalya Rokunova ◽  
Natalya Shamina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Sustainable Entrepreneurship ◽  
Initial Information ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Start Up ◽  
National Economies

Purpose: The paper is devoted to the actual problem of the existing differences in women’s and men’s entrepreneurship. The aim of the research is to assess the prevailing levels of women’s and men’s participation in entrepreneurial activity in modern national economies. Methodology: The study dealt with the problem of determining indicator values characterizing the early stage of entrepreneurship; mature (sustainable) entrepreneurship, as well as quitting business activities. The results of the surveys conducted in 59 countries throughout the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Project were used as initial information. Findings: In the course of the research, nine indicators characterizing such stages as start-up and sustainable entrepreneurship along with the cessation of this activity were examined. The study developed the functions that show the distribution of the indicators in 59 countries describing women’s and men’s proportions at three main stages of entrepreneurship. Research limitations: The study had limitations on empirical data due to the fact that only 59 countries were considered. Originality: The attained results have indicated that there is a gender gap among the indicators of entrepreneurship in most countries, which means that women participate in it to a smaller extent than men. The methodological approach to assessing gender differences in entrepreneurship presented in the article can be applied in further research.

Social entrepreneur and gender: what’s personality got to do with it?

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Bernardino ◽  
J. Freitas Santos ◽  
J. Cadima Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Social Entrepreneurs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Big Five Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Venture ◽  
The Creation

Purpose Research on economic entrepreneurship identifies a gender gap that is favorable to men. In the social entrepreneurship arena, the existing evidence is slightly fuzzy, as this gender gap is less preeminent. This paper aims to identify how gender differences in social entrepreneurial ventures creation are explained by different personality traits, by analyzing the extent to which female and male social entrepreneurs exhibit the same personality traits and whether potential differences are able to explain the differences in predisposition for the creation of new social entrepreneurial ventures. Design/methodology/approach A review of the literature on gender differences and personality traits in social entrepreneurship details the main theoretical developments and builds the hypotheses. Based on the Big Five model, the investigation uses a hypothesis testing quantitative approach. Primary data were collected through a questionnaire that was e-mailed and applied to the social entrepreneurs engaged in the creation of social ventures in Portugal. Findings The data gathered suggest that both female and male social entrepreneurs have personalities characterized by high levels of openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion and emotional stability. Based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA) between the two groups and logistic regression, the investigation reveals that women and men who launch a new social venture only differ in one personality dimension – agreeableness – wherein women scored more highly. No significant differences are found in the other personality traits. Research limitations/implications The research assumes that most aspects of human personality structure are represented in the Big Five model. Practical implications The knowledge about whether gender differences are explained by different personality traits is critical to public entities that might design appropriate public policies to stimulate social entrepreneurship. Also, social entrepreneurs’ capacity building programs should be delineated in accordance with a deeper understanding about gender and personality traits differences. Social implications The knowledge of the factors that affects the creation of new social ventures has an important potential contribution on social value creation and the promotion of gender equality. Originality/value This paper links two important topics – gender and entrepreneurs’ personality traits – scarcely explored in the social entrepreneurship literature. Thus, the paper adds new empirical evidence to support (or not) the belief that personality and gender matter in the decision to launch a new social venture.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Academic Efficacy across STEM Fields

2021 ◽  
pp. 073112142110286
Author(s):  
Jennifer Ashlock ◽  
Miodrag Stojnic ◽  
Zeynep Tufekci
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Stem Fields ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Middle Schoolers ◽  
Self Assessments ◽  
Math Grades ◽  
And Mathematics

Cultural processes can reduce self-selection into math and science fields, but it remains unclear how confidence in computer science develops, where women are currently the least represented in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics). Few studies evaluate both computer skills and self-assessments of skill. In this paper, we evaluate gender differences in efficacy across three STEM fields using a data set of middle schoolers, a particularly consequential period for academic pathways. Even though girls and boys do not significantly differ in terms of math grades and have similar levels of computer skill, the gender gap in computer efficacy is twice as large as the gap for math. We offer support for disaggregation of STEM fields, so the unique meaning making around computing can be addressed.

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