scholarly journals Evaluation of Perma Net® 2.0 in the Control of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti from Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 68-75
Author(s):  
C M Egbuche ◽  
P U Samuel ◽  
C K Ezihe ◽  
C B Ukonze ◽  
O A Chukwuzoba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Physical Barrier ◽  
Physical Integrity ◽  
Mortality Effect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Who Cone Bioassay

Long Lasting Insecticide Nets (LLINs) reduce human-mosquito contact through the provision of physical barrier, repellent effect or mortality effect. This study evaluated the physical integrity and residual effect of insecticides in Perma Net® 2.0 of 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years and 4 years duration of use. Perma Net®2.0 used were obtained from systematically picked households within Ifite Awka and new Perma Net® 2.0 serving as control were collected from Society for Family Health. Adult mosquitoes were collected from picked households using Pyrethrum knockdown Collection method before the Perma Net® 2.0 were removed. The top and four sides of the nets were examined for presence of holes. Also, net pieces measuring 25cm × 25cm were obtained from Perma Net® 2.0 of different duration and subjected to WHO cone bioassay using Randomized Block Experimental Design. The Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti used for the bioassay were collected from breeding sites within Ifite Awka, reared and maintained in an insectary. There was at least one hole in 10%, 30% and 40% of LLINs with 2 years, 3years and 4 years duration of use respectively. Significant differences were found in the physical integrity of the nets (P < 0.05). Culexquinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti constituted 40.9% and 27.0% of all mosquitoes collected indoors respectively. There was no significant difference in the indoor abundance of the two mosquito species (P >0.05). However, their abundance depended on the duration of LLINs usage (P < 0.05). The mortality effects of16%, 8%, 7%, 5%, 5% and 2% on Culex quinquefasciatus were recorded for Perma Net® 2.0 of 0 month, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years and 4 years respectively. The mortality effects of 23%, 12%, 9%, 6%, 5% and 3% on Aedes aegypti were recorded for Perma Net® 2.0 of 0 month, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years and 4years respectively. The new LLINs produced significantly highest mortality effect (P < 0.05) on both mosquito species than nets of other duration of usage. The mortality effect of Perma Net® 2.0 on Culex quinquefasciatus, and that on Aedes aegypti were similar (P > 0.05). It shows that Perma Net® 2.0 offer physical barrier more than repellency and mortality effect against Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes aegypti.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Mosquito Attractant Candidates Using a High-Throughput Screening System for Aedes aegypti (L.), Culex quinquefasciatus Say. and Anopheles minimus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 528
Author(s):  
Dae-Yun Kim ◽  
Theerachart Leepasert ◽  
Michael J. Bangs ◽  
Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Screening System ◽  
Anopheles Minimus ◽  
Significant Difference

Several types of olfactometers have been used to evaluate mosquito responses to agents that mimic natural volatiles that repel or attract. The Y-tube olfactometer has been widely used to study repellents and attractants, while the high-throughput screening system assay has only been used to study repellents. Whether the high-throughput screening system assay is suitable for evaluating attractants is unknown. We evaluated the responses to four lactic-acid-based mixtures and two non-lactic-acid-based chemical lure candidates using the high-throughput screening system (HITSS) for three mosquito species (laboratory strains and field populations of both Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say.; laboratory strain of Anopheles minimus Theobald) under laboratory-controlled conditions. HITSS assay results showed that KU-lure #1 elicited the greatest percent attraction for pyrethroid-resistant and -susceptible Ae. aegypti. KU-lure #6 elicited the strongest attractive response for pyrethroid-susceptible and -resistant Cx. quinquefasciatus and pyrethroid-susceptible An. minimus. The response to the lures from each species was independent of the pyrethroid susceptibility status (Ae. aegypti, p = 0.825; Cx. quinquefasciatus, p = 0.056). However, a significant difference in attraction to KU-lure #6 was observed between diurnal and nocturnal mosquitoes (Cx. quinquefasciatus vs. Ae. aegypti, p = 0.014; An. minimus vs. Ae. aegypti, p = 0.001). The laboratory-level HITSS assay effectively selects potential lure candidates. Because the host-seeking behavior differs between mosquito species, further studies are needed to develop species-specific attractants. Additional studies in semi-field screen houses using commercial traps are necessary to evaluate the accuracy of these laboratory assay results.

scholarly journals Behavioural response of mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus to synthetic pyrethroid and organophosphorus-based slow-release insecticidal paint

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Dhiman ◽  
Kavita Yadav ◽  
B. N. Acharya ◽  
Raj Kumar Ahirwar ◽  
D. Sukumaran
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Escape Time ◽  
Behavioural Avoidance ◽  
Vector Mosquito ◽  
Contact Exposure

Abstract Background The direct toxicological impact of insecticides on vector mosquitoes has been well emphasized; however, behavioural responses such as excito-repellency and physical avoidance as a result of insecticide exposure have not been much studied. We have demonstrated the excito-repellency and behavioural avoidance in certain vector mosquito species on exposure to a slow-release insecticidal paint (SRIP) formulation in addition to direct toxicity. Methods A SRIP formulation developed by the Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, contains chlorpyriphos, deltamethrin and pyriproxyfen as active insecticides. Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were used to study the excito-repellency response of the formulation. The experiments were performed in a specially designed dual-choice exposure and escape chamber made of transparent polymethyl methacrylate. For the experiments, the SRIP formulation was applied undiluted at a rate of 8 m2 per kg on 15 cm2 metallic surfaces. Mosquitoes were introduced into the exposure chamber, and observations of the movement of mosquitoes into the escape chamber through the exit portal were taken at 1-min intervals for up to 30 min. Results The evaluated formulation displayed strong excito-repellency against all three tested vector mosquito species. Results showed that the ET50 (escape time 50%) for Ae. aegypti, An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus was 20.9 min, 14.5 min and 17.9 min for contact exposure (CE) respectively. Altogether in CE, the escape rates were stronger in An. stephensi mosquitoes at different time intervals compared to Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. The probit analysis revealed that the determined ET did not deviate from linearity for both non-contact exposure (NCE) and placebo exposure (PE) (χ2 ≤ 7.9; p = 1.0) for Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and for NCE (χ2 = 8.3; p = 1.0) and PE (χ2 = 1.7; p = 1.0) treatments in Cx. quinquefasciatus. Mortality (24 h) was found to be statistically higher (F = 6.4; p = 0.02) in An. stephensi for CE but did not vary for NCE (p ≥ 0.3) and PE (p = 0.6) treatments among the tested mosquito species. Survival probability response suggested that all the three tested species displayed similar survival responses for similar exposures (χ2 ≤ 2.3; p ≥ 0.1). Conclusion The study demonstrates the toxicity and strong behavioural avoidance in known vector mosquito species on exposure to an insecticide-based paint formulation. The combination of insecticides in the present formulation will broaden the overall impact spectrum for protecting users from mosquito bites. The efficacy data generated in the study provide crucial information on the effectiveness of the tested formulation and could be useful in reducing the transmission intensity and disease risk in endemic countries.

scholarly journals The mortality effect of castor bean (Ricinus communis) extract on Aedes aegypti larvae

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
TRI NUGROHO WIBOWO ◽  
DARUKUTNI DARUKUTNI ◽  
SUTARTINAH SRI HANDAYANI
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Castor Bean ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Extract Concentration ◽  
Mortality Effect ◽  
Significant Difference

Wibowo TN, Darukutni, Handayani SS. 2010. The mortality effect of castor bean (Ricinus communis) extract on Aedes aegypti larvae. Biofarmasi 8: 77-81. The aim of this research was to determine the mortality effect of Ricinus communis L. extract on Aedes aegypti L. larvae. This research was an laboratory experimental, with a post-test only controlled group design, and used 750 larvae Instar III of A. aegypti L. that divided into 6 groups (control group, and five treatment groups consisted of 0.10% extract, 0.25% extract, 0.50% extract, 0.75% extract and 1% extract). The sampling technical was a purposive sampling method. The larvae were put into 25 ml experimental liquid for 24 hours. The observation was counting a number of dead larvae in 24 hours. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA test continued with Least Significant Difference (LSD) using SPSS for Windows Release statistically with a significance level p<0.05 then continued with a probit analysis. There were 0 larva death at negative control, 23.8 (95%) larvae death at 0.10% extract concentration, 24.6 (98%) larvae death at 0.25% extract concentration, 25.0 (100%) larvae death at 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.00% extract concentration. There was a significant difference in larvae death of A. aegypti in all groups. The LC50 of R. communis extract was 0.01036% (103.6 ppm), therefore it could be concluded that R. communis extract had a mortality effect to A. aegypti larvae.

Larvicidal potential of selected indigenous lichens against three mosquito species–Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Zameer Ahmed Khader ◽  
Sidhra Syed Zameer Ahmed ◽  
Kisore Perundurai Venkatesh ◽  
Kamaraj Chinnaperumal ◽  
Sanjeeva Nayaka
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Mosquito Species

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Three Fruit Seed Extracts as Larvicide against Three Major Mosquito Vectors Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae)

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-29
Author(s):  
Lame Younoussa ◽  
Kary Mallam Oumarou ◽  
Theodora Kopa Kowa ◽  
Serge Eteme Enama ◽  
Gabriel Agbor Agbor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Seed Extracts

The CH2Cl2-MeOH (30:70 v/v) extracts of the seeds of Mangifera indica (Mango), Persea americana (Avocado) and Dacryodes edulis (African plum) were evaluated for potential mosquito larvicidal activity against 3rd and 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles gambiae. Extracts were diluted with 1 mL of methanol and concentrations ranging from 1000 to 125 mg/L in 4 replicates each, were prepared in the volume of 100 mL in the plastic cups (250 mL). A volume of 1 mL of methanol added to 99 mL of tap water was prepared as negative control and Bi-one (1000 mg/L) constituted a positive control. In each test solution, 25 larvae of each mosquito species were separately transferred and larval mortality was recorded after 24 h post-treatment. As results, the three plant seed extracts applied at 1000 mg/L caused for at least 79% mortality of each mosquito species larvae assessed. The seed extract of P. americana (LC50 of 98.31, 129.24 and 136.26 mg/L, respectively against An. gambiae, Ae. aegypti and Cx. quiquefasciatus larvae) was the most potent followed by D. edulis (LC50 of 176.87 mg/L for An. gambiae, 198.68 mg/L for Ae. aegypti and 201.70 mg/L for Cx. quinquefasciatus) and M. indica (LC50 of 258.98 mg/L for An. gambiae, 297.35 mg/L for Ae. aegypti and 435.45 mg/L for Cx. quinquefasciatus).  Globally, all the seed extracts were more toxic against An. gambiae larvae compared to other mosquito species and need further exploration for the development of a new botanical larvicide to reduce mosquito densities.

scholarly journals Efektivitas Tablet Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 Isolat Salatiga terhadap Jentik Aedes aegypti pada Dua Sumber Air yang Berbeda

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Arum Triyas Wardani ◽  
RA. Wigati ◽  
Esti Rahardianingtyas ◽  
Rendro Wianto ◽  
Arief Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Control Effort ◽  
Significant Difference

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a vector-borne disease that is still a health problem in Indonesia. One of the DHF control effort is to control the larvae of the mosquito vector using Bacillus thuringensis H-14. The weakness of this metode is its short residual effect.  This study aims to determine differences in the effectiveness of B. thuringiensis H-14 tested in two different water sources, namely well water and PDAM water in people's houses and its residual effects in the field. The study used a quasi-​experimental, which include laboratory and field experiments in March to September 2017. The research was carried out by producing B. thuringensis H-14 Salatiga isolates in the form of slow release tablets, testing the efficacy and measuring their effectiveness to Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae in two kinds of water sources. The results showed that the content of B. thuringiensis Salatiga isolate in slow release tablets weighing 125 mg was 5 mg. The efficacy test at laboratory scale showed that the LC50 was 0.436 ppm and the LC90 was 2.440 ppm. The effectiveness test in the field of LC50 (PDAM water) is 0.098 ppm and (well water) is 1.909 ppm, while LC90 (PDAM water) is 0.186 ppm and (well water) is 0.909 ppm. The efficacy assay results showed there was no significant difference in the effect of B. thuringiensis tablet between well water and PDAM water. B. thuringiensis H-14 tablets were effective in controlling Ae. aegypti larvae more than 80% until the 7th day in field testing.

scholarly journals Anopheles Mosquitoes May Drive Invasion and Transmission of Mayaro Virus across Geographically Diverse Regions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Brustolin ◽  
Sujit Pujhari ◽  
Cory A. Henderson ◽  
Jason L. Rasgon
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
The World ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Geographic Regions ◽  
Mayaro Virus

AbstractThe Togavirus (Alphavirus) Mayaro virus (MAYV) was initially described in 1954 from Mayaro County (Trinidad) and has been responsible for outbreaks in South America and the Caribbean. Imported MAYV cases are on the rise, leading to invasion concerns similar to Chikungunya and Zika viruses. Little is known about the range of mosquito species that are competent MAYV vectors. We tested vector competence of 2 MAYV genotypes for six mosquito species (Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae, An. stephensi, An. quadrimaculatus, An. freeborni, Culex quinquefasciatus). Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus were poor MAYV vectors, and either were poorly infected or poorly transmitted. In contrast, all Anopheles species were able to transmit MAYV, and 3 of the 4 species transmitted both genotypes. The Anopheles species tested are divergent and native to widely separated geographic regions, suggesting that Anopheles may be important in the invasion and spread of MAYV across diverse regions of the world.

scholarly journals Enantiomeric selectivity in behavioural and electrophysiological responses of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 541-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.I. Cook ◽  
S. Majeed ◽  
R. Ignell ◽  
J.A. Pickett ◽  
M.A. Birkett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Excitatory Effect ◽  
Electrophysiological Responses ◽  
Receptor Neurons ◽  
First Time ◽  
Enantiomeric Selectivity

Abstract1-Octen-3-ol is a kairomone for many haematophagous insects including mosquitoes. Numerous studies have examined the effects of racemic 1-octen-3-ol; however, few studies have investigated the role of individual enantiomers in relation to mosquito attraction. In the present study, we investigated the behavioural and electrophysiological responses of two mosquito species, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, to individual enantiomers and mixtures of 1-octen-3-ol, employing a laboratory Y-tube olfactometer and single sensillum recordings. The olfactory receptor neurons of both Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus had a significantly higher response to the (R)-1-octen-3-ol enantiomer compared to the (S)-1-octen-3-ol enantiomer at 10−9 g μl−1 to 10−6 g μl−1. Behaviourally, Ae. aegypti was more responsive to the (R)-1-octen-3-ol enantiomer, showing an increase in flight activity and relative attraction compared to Cx. quinquefasciatus. The (R)-1-octen-3-ol enantiomer caused an increase in activation for Cx. quinquefasciatus. However, the most notable effect was from an (R:S)-1-octen-3-ol mixture (84:16) that caused significantly more mosquitoes to sustain their flight and reach the capture chambers (demonstrated by a reduced non-sustained flight activity), suggesting that it may have a behaviourally excitatory effect. For Cx. quinquefasciatus, a reduced relative attraction response was also observed for all treatments containing the (R)-1-octen-3-ol enantiomer, either on its own or as part of a mixture, but not with the (S)-1-octen-3-ol enantiomer. This is the first time enantiomeric selectivity has been shown for Ae. aegypti using electrophysiology in vivo. The implications of these results for exploitation in mosquito traps are discussed.

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