scholarly journals The Minimum Spanning Tree of the Nigeria Roads Network through Multiple-Roads Network System

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-157
Author(s):  
AJ Tamber ◽  
FO Ikpotokin ◽  
LU Okafor
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Spanning Tree ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Computer Application ◽  
Good Time ◽  
Network System ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Border Towns ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Optimal Graph

The research work is aimed at finding the optimal graph of the Travel Salesman Problem of the vehicular movement from multiple sources of the Nigeria roads network of the coastal towns: Lagos, Port Harcourt, Asaba and Calabar through the hinterland to multiple destinations (border towns) of Katsina, Sokoto and Maiduguri so as to minimize the cost of fueling, maintenance and loss customers and goods/services get delivered to destinations in good time. In obtaining the optimal graph, the Kruskal algorithm of the minimum spinning tree was used and was implemented by a computer application package, TORA, developed by Taha. The optimal minimum spinning graph is: Lagos – Abeokuta – Ibadan – Osogbo – Ilorin – Osogbo – Akure - Ado Ekiti – Akure – Benni – Asaba – Owerri - Port Harcourt – Umuahia – Uyo – Calabar – Uyo – Umuahia - Port Harcourt – Owerri – Asaba – Benni – Awka – Enugu – Abakelike – Enugu – Awka – Benni – Akure – Lokoja – Abuja – Minna –Abuja – Kaduna – Kano – Katsina - Kano – Dutse – Kano – Gasua – Sokoto – Brini Kebbi – Sokoto – Gusau – Kano – Kaduna - Abuja – Lafia – Makurdi – Lafia – Jos – Bauchi – Gombe – Yola – Jalingo – Yola – Gombe – Damaturu – Maiduguri with the total distance of 8327Km.

scholarly journals CAR-NK Cells in the Treatment of Solid Tumors

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5899
Author(s):  
Ewa Wrona ◽  
Maciej Borowiec ◽  
Piotr Potemski
Keyword(s):  
Nk Cells ◽  
Solid Tumors ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Toxicity Profile ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Hematological Neoplasms ◽  
Current State ◽  
Car T ◽  
The Cost

CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptor T) cells have emerged as a milestone in the treatment of patients with refractory B-cell neoplasms. However, despite having unprecedented efficacy against hematological malignancies, the treatment is far from flawless. Its greatest drawbacks arise from a challenging and expensive production process, strict patient eligibility criteria and serious toxicity profile. One possible solution, supported by robust research, is the replacement of T lymphocytes with NK cells for CAR expression. NK cells seem to be an attractive vehicle for CAR expression as they can be derived from multiple sources and safely infused regardless of donor–patient matching, which greatly reduces the cost of the treatment. CAR-NK cells are known to be effective against hematological malignancies, and a growing number of preclinical findings indicate that they have activity against non-hematological neoplasms. Here, we present a thorough overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the use of CAR-NK cells in treating various solid tumors.

Autopilot design for an aircraft by using Luenberger observer design

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 858-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Taimoor ◽  
Li Aijun ◽  
Rooh ul Amin ◽  
Hongshi Lu
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Linear Quadratic Regulator ◽  
Observer Design ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Luenberger Observer ◽  
Level Flight ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
The Cost

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to design linear quadratic regulator (LQR) based Luenberger observer for the estimation of unknown states of aircraft. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the LQR-based Luenberger observer is deliberated for autonomous level flight of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) which has been attained productively. Various modes like phugoid and roll modes are exploited for controlling the rates of UAV. The Luenberger observer is exploited for estimation of the mysterious states of the system. The rates of roll, yaw and pitch are used as an input to the observer, while the remaining states such as velocities and angles have been anticipated. The main advantage of using Luenberger observer was to reduce the cost of the system which has been achieved lucratively. The Luenberger observer proposes sturdiness at the rate of completion to conquest over the turmoil and insecurities to overcome the privileged recital. The FlightGear simulator is exploited for the endorsement of the recital of the Luenberger observer-based autopilot. The level flight has been subjugated lucratively and has been legitimated by exploiting the FlightGear simulator. The authenticated and the validated results are offered in this paper. Microsoft Visual Studio has been engaged as a medium between the MATLAB and FlightGear Simulator. Findings The suggested observer based on LQR ensures the lucrative approximation of the unknown states of the system as well as the successful level flight of the system. The Luenberger observer is used for approximation of states while LQR is used as controller. Originality/value In this research work, not only the estimation of unknown states of both longitudinal and lateral model is made but also the level flight is achieved by using those estimated states and the autopilot is validated by using the FlightGear, while in most of the research work only the estimation is made of only longitudinal or lateral model.

Design Methodology of a Proton Exchange Membrane Modular Fuel Cell of 100 W Power Output

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Munzer S. Y. Ebaid ◽  
Mohamad Y. Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Proton Exchange Membrane ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Heat Output ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Manufacturing Alternatives ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Exchange Membrane

The design of the fuel cell plays a major role in determining their cost. It is not only the cost of materials that increases the cost of the fuel cell, but also the manufacturing techniques and the need for skilled technicians for assembling and testing the fuel cell. The work presented in this paper is part of a research work aims to design and manufacture a proton exchange membrane (PEM) modular fuel cell of 100 W output at low cost using conventional materials and production techniques, then testing the fuel cell to validate its performance. This paper will be dealing only with the design of a modular fuel cell that can be mass produced and used to set up a larger fuel cell stack for stationary applications (6 kW) which is capable of powering a medium sized household. The design for 100 W fuel cell module will include the calculations for the main dimensions of the fuel cell components, mass flow rate of reactants, water production, heat output, heat transfer and the cooling system. This work is intended to facilitate material and process selection prior to manufacturing alternatives prior to capital investment for wide-scale production. The authors believe that the paper would lead to a stimulating discussion.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL AND PLATES FLOOR PLATE FLOOR AREA BONDEK PIM 3 BASEMENT PROJECT AND COST PERFORMANCE AGAINST TIME

Neutron ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
Hamonangan Girsang ◽  
Ihsan Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Method ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Research Review ◽  
Review Time ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Basement Floor ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Conventional Systems ◽  
Work Item

Work on the project floor Pondok Indah Mall 3 using plates bondek on basement area. Here I want to compare the effectiveness of the cost and time, why the owner and the contractor chose to use a plate bondek the basement area. This study aims to determine the differences between the two methods in terms of cost and time of work on the basement floor plates only at Pondok Indah Mall 3 project. Techniques of data collection using interviews and direct observations and combined with literature studies. Processing data using analytical methods of unit price (AHSP). The results of this research review time and cost. An observed work item is a work in the basement slab. From this research work price obtained slab bondek system more expensive, Rp 1,179,138,501 compared with the conventional method, in which the total price of the floor slab work bondek system is Rp 61,546,996,028, while the conventional method equal to Rp 60,367,857,526 As for the floor turnaround times bondek system requires 378 days, while the floor of conventional systems require 504 days.

scholarly journals Effect of Monetary Policy on Financial Intermediation in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-36
Author(s):  
Chukwu, Kenechukwu Origin ◽  
Ogbonnaya-Udo, Nneka
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Financial Intermediation ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Financial Infrastructure ◽  
Effect Of Monetary Policy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Reserve Ratio

The study examined the effect of monetary policy on financial intermediation in Nigeria. Secondary data were collected from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin spanning from 1988 to 2018.The research work selected Nigeria as its sample and used the VECM to test the effect of the explanatory variables (Monetary Policy Rate, Cash Reserve Ratio, Loan to Deposit Ratio and Liquidity Ratio) on the dependent variable (Total Domestic Bank Credit).The findings from the study revealed that monetary policy has insignificant effect on intermediation in Nigeria. The granger causality test also shows a unidirectional causality between monetary policy and intermediation in Nigeria. The results suggest that lending interest rate is still high while deposit rate is low and this discourages savings and borrowing in the country. The study recommends among others that monetary policy should be reviewed in order to lower the cost of borrowing (lending rate) so as to encourage investors to borrow more. Commercial banks should try to increase its deposit rates which will help them to mobilize more deposits, as this will enhance their lending services. Financial infrastructure in the country should be improved upon as this will help banks in deposit mobilization especially the unbanked in the country.

scholarly journals JURNAL SIMULASI PERANCANGAN JARINGAN LAN PADA WARNET YO

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADITYA WIRAGUNA ◽  
Tisa Seftiananda ◽  
Pandu Pratama Putra M.Kom
Keyword(s):  
Network Design ◽  
Computer Network ◽  
Network System ◽  
Network Connection ◽  
Packet Tracer ◽  
The Cost

Computer network connection is a fundamental thing and is very important in the establishment of internet cafe businesses. LAN network design must also consider the cost budget so that the use of tools can be maximized and not cause losses. If the connection is problematic, then all types of applications that run through a computer network cannot be used. Cisco Packet Tracer can be used for simulations that reflect a picture of the computer network connection on the network system to be used

scholarly journals Algorithms for the power-p Steiner tree problem in the Euclidean plane

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Christina Burt ◽  
Alysson Costa ◽  
Charl Ras
Keyword(s):  
Spanning Tree ◽  
Minimum Spanning Tree ◽  
Valid Inequalities ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Steiner Tree Problem ◽  
Steiner Points ◽  
Tree Construction ◽  
The Cost

We study the problem of constructing minimum power-$p$ Euclidean $k$-Steiner trees in the plane. The problem is to find a tree of minimum cost spanning a set of given terminals where, as opposed to the minimum spanning tree problem, at most $k$ additional nodes (Steiner points) may be introduced anywhere in the plane. The cost of an edge is its length to the power of $p$ (where $p\geq 1$), and the cost of a network is the sum of all edge costs. We propose two heuristics: a ``beaded" minimum spanning tree heuristic; and a heuristic which alternates between minimum spanning tree construction and a local fixed topology minimisation procedure for locating the Steiner points. We show that the performance ratio $\kappa$ of the beaded-MST heuristic satisfies $\sqrt{3}^{p-1}(1+2^{1-p})\leq \kappa\leq 3(2^{p-1})$. We then provide two mixed-integer nonlinear programming formulations for the problem, and extend several important geometric properties into valid inequalities. Finally, we combine the valid inequalities with warm-starting and preprocessing to obtain computational improvements for the $p=2$ case.

Reliability Evaluation and Cost Optimization of Solar Road Studs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mangey Ram ◽  
Ashok Singh Bhandari ◽  
Akshay Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Cost Optimization ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Power Supplies ◽  
Time To Failure ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mean Time

Roads have always been the main source of transportation all over the world. Easy accessibility and more safety are the most important features of road transportation. Improvements in these areas are constantly required and invited. Solar road studs are one of the remarkable improvements in road safety. Solar road studs use solar energy, which is the most sustainable and pollution-free source of energy that provides reliable power supplies and fuel diversification. Solar road studs are flashing solar cell-powered LED lighting devices used in road construction to delineate road edges and centerlines. This research work is dedicated to evaluating the reliability measures which include availability, mean time to failure (MTTF), cost analysis, and sensitivity analysis with their graphical representation by using the Markov process. Along with reliability assessment, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is applied to optimize the cost of the system.

scholarly journals Satisfying the Cost Constraints in a Network System Operating by the Consensus Protocol with Different Task Priorities

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (32) ◽  
pp. 367-372
Author(s):  
Natalia Amelina ◽  
Oleg Granichin ◽  
Olga Granichina ◽  
Yury Ivanskiy ◽  
Yuming Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Network System ◽  
Consensus Protocol ◽  
Cost Constraints ◽  
The Cost ◽  
System Operating

scholarly journals Induced breeding of Vietnames koi (Anabas testudineus) using pituitary gland (PG) and ovaprim at Tasty Fish and Feeds Industries Limited, Melandah, Jamalpur

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-611
Author(s):  
Md Ruhul Amin ◽  
Md Mamunur Rahman ◽  
Sopna Aktar ◽  
Md Badrul Alam ◽  
Md Ashraful Alam
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Breeding Performance ◽  
Anabas Testudineus ◽  
Brood Rearing ◽  
The Cost

The research work was conducted for induced breeding of Vietnames Koi (Anabas testudineus) using carpPG extract and Ovaprim hormone at Tasty Fish and Feeds Industries Limited, Melandah, Jamalpur during March to May, 2015. Brood fishes were reared for 4-5 months in the brood rearing pond by providing farm-made artificial feed (containing 32% protein) for maturation before onset of breeding season. Two different hormones i.e., PG-PG (both for male and female), and PG-Ovaprim (PG for male and Ovaprim for female) were used as inducing agents for the purpose of induction of breeding A. testudineus. The broods were induced with PG-PG hormone at the doses of 2 mg PG/Kg body weight of male and 7 mg PG/Kg body weight of female and PG-Ovaprim hormone were used at the doses of 2 mg PG/Kg body weight of male and 7 ml Ovaprim/Kg body weight of female and designated as treatments T1 and T2, respectively. Ovulation rates (100%) were similar in both the treatments, whereas, fertilization, hatching, and survival rates were 78.11±3.24%, 70.22±3.40%, and 51.22±3.96% in T1 and 71.00±3.97%, 60.89±4.20%, and 48.89±4.41% in T2, respectively. Although comparatively better breeding performance was found for carp PG extract but these values were not significantly higher compared to Ovaprim. Therefore, comparing the breeding performance and considering the cost-benefit analysis it is suggested that Ovaprim could be used as an alternative of carp PG extract for the induced breeding of Vietnames koi.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2015, 1(3): 607-611

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