scholarly journals A REVIEW ARTICLE ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF SAMANA VAYU IN RELATION TO THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 3108-3112
Author(s):  
Neha Sajwan ◽  
Rajesh Kumar Sharma ◽  
Dinesh Chandra Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Review Article ◽  
The Body ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
Sacral Segment ◽  
All Diseases

Ayurveda is a science that has been around for thousands of years and has proven to be beneficial to humans. Ayurveda is based on the tridosha theory. Vata, one of three doshas, plays an essential and major part in both healthy and unhealthy conditions, according to acharya sushruta dosha, dhatu and mala maintain our body. There are five types of vata- prana, udan, samana, vyan and apaan vayu. Among these five doshas samana vayu is situated near jatharagni and circulate all over the GIT tract. It helps in the division of essence and waste products, as well as the movement of the gastrointestinal tract, by stimulating the agni. In the body, jatharagni takes the form of pachak pitta, one of the pitta subtypes. Agnimandhya is responsible for all diseases, as we all know. The fire is fueled by samana vayu, who keeps it balanced. As a result, samana vayu might be regarded to play a specialized role in digestion. All of the samana vayu's functions can be compared to the physiological functions of the enteric nervous system and the sympathetic and parasympathetic supply of the Autonomic nervous system to the gastrointestinal tract. In this article, an attempt is made to correlate the physiological activity of samana vayu with the enteric nervous system. Keywords: Samana vayu, Prana vayu, Apan vayu, Sacral Segment.

Therapeutic Potential of Agonists and Antagonists of A1, A2a, A2b and A3 Adenosine Receptors

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (26) ◽  
pp. 2892-2905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit Jamwal ◽  
Ashish Mittal ◽  
Puneet Kumar ◽  
Dana M. Alhayani ◽  
Amal Al-Aboudi
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
The Body ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunctions ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside and an essential component of the energy production and utilization systems of the body. Adenosine is formed by the degradation of adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) during energy-consuming processes. Adenosine regulates numerous physiological processes through activation of four subtypes of G-protein coupled membrane receptors viz. A1, A2A, A2B and A3. Its physiological importance depends on the affinity of these receptors and the extracellular concentrations reached. ATP acts as a neurotransmitter in both peripheral and central nervous systems. In the peripheral nervous system, ATP is involved in chemical transmission in sensory and autonomic ganglia, whereas in central nervous system, ATP, released from synaptic terminals, induces fast excitatory postsynaptic currents. ATP provides the energetics for all muscle movements, heart beats, nerve signals and chemical reactions inside the body. Adenosine has been traditionally considered an inhibitor of neuronal activity and a regulator of cerebral blood flow. Since adenosine is neuroprotective against excitotoxic and metabolic dysfunctions observed in neurological and ocular diseases, the search for adenosinerelated drugs regulating adenosine transporters and receptors can be important for advancement of therapeutic strategies against these diseases. This review will summarize the therapeutic potential and recent SAR and pharmacology of adenosine and its receptor agonists and antagonists.

scholarly journals Neurons and Glia in the Enteric Nervous System and Epithelial Barrier Function

Physiology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Vergnolle ◽  
Carla Cirillo
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Epithelial Barrier Function ◽  
Exchange Surface

The intestinal epithelial barrier is the largest exchange surface between the body and the external environment. Its functions are regulated by luminal, and also internal, components including the enteric nervous system. This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of the digestive “neuronal-glial-epithelial unit” on epithelial barrier function.

scholarly journals A CONCEPTUAL STUDY OF AMA DESCRIBED IN AYURVEDA

2021 ◽  
Vol p5 (03) ◽  
pp. 2787-2792
Author(s):  
Priyanka Kaushik
Keyword(s):  
Review Article ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ancient Science ◽  
Treatment Principle ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Conceptual Study ◽  
All Diseases

Ayurveda is an ancient science of life. It has its own basic concepts like Dosha, Dhatu, Mala, Agni etc. Ama is also one of them. It plays a major role in Dhatu (Dosha, Dhatu, Mala) Vaishmya (vitiation) and production of various diseases in the body. According to Ayurveda Mandagni (hypofunctioning of digestive fire) is the basic cause of all diseases. Ama is considered as Apakwa Ahara Rasa (unripe, undigested or partially digested food) which is pro- duced due to Mandagni. Further it circulates all over the body through Srotas (channel of circulation) causes Sroto- vaigunya (vitiation in channel of circulation) and plays a major role in manifestation of various diseases. Dosha, Dhatu and mala vitiated by Ama are known as Sama Dosha, Sama Dushya and Sama Mala. If the treatment principle of disease is planned by understanding the concept of Sama and Niram, it would give a better result. In this review article the concept of Ama is described from different Ayurvedic Smahitas and texts. Keywords: Concept of Ama, Sama, Niram, Agni.

scholarly journals Electroacupuncture at ST36 Improve the Gastric Motility by Affecting Neurotransmitters in the Enteric Nervous System in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Xu Han ◽  
Xiaoyan Chen ◽  
Xuan Wang ◽  
Meirong Gong ◽  
Mengjiang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antral Motility ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmitters

Electroacupuncture (EA) can effectively relieve hyperglycemia and gastric emptying disorders in diabetic gastroparesis (DGP). However, the effect of EA on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) gastroparesis and its mechanism in the enteric nervous system (ENS) are rarely studied. We investigated the therapeutic effect of EA at ST36 and its effect on the main inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the ENS in DGP rats. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed a high-fat diet for 2 weeks and injected with streptozotocin (STZ) at 35 mg/kg to induce T2DM. T2DM rats were divided into the diabetic mellitus (DM) group and the EA group. The control (CON) group comprised normal rats without any intervention. EA treatment was started 6 weeks after the induction of DM and continued for 5 weeks. The body weight and food intake of the rats were recorded every week. Blood glucose, insulin, glucose tolerance, gastric emptying, and antral motility were measured after treatment. The expression of protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in gastric antrum were quantified by western blotting and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The T2DM gastroparesis model was successfully established. EA treatment reduced the body weight, food intake, and blood glucose; improved glucose intolerance and insulin resistance; increased the gastric emptying rate, the mean antral pressure, and the amplitude of antral motility; and decreased the frequency of antral motility compared with those in the DM group. EA treatment increased the expression level of nNOS, ChAT, and PGP9.5 proteins, and nNOS and ChAT mRNA. The results suggested that EA at ST36 could ameliorate DGP, partly restore the damage to general neurons, and increase nNOS and ChAT in the gastric antrum. EA improved DGP partly via reducing the loss of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the ENS.

Brain-Gut Communication: Vagovagal Reflexes Interconnect the Two "Brains"

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry L. Powley
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Dorsal Vagal Complex

The gastrointestinal tract has its own "brain", the enteric nervous system or ENS, that executes routine housekeeping functions of digestion. The dorsal vagal complex in the CNS brainstem, however, organizes vagovagal reflexes and establishes interconnections between the entire neuroaxis of the CNS and the gut. Thus, the dorsal vagal complex links the "ENS brain" to the "CNS brain". This brain-gut connectome provides reflex adjustments that optimize digestion and assimilation of nutrients and fluid. Vagovagal circuitry also generates the plasticity and adaptability needed to coordinate among organs, to maintain homeostasis, and to react to environmental situations. Arguably, this dynamic flexibility provided by the connectome may, in some circumstances, lead to or complicate maladaptive disorders.

scholarly journals Recent developments in cell-based ENS regeneration – a short review

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Florian Obermayr ◽  
Guido Seitz
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Cell Sources

AbstractTherapeutic options to treat neurogenic motility disorders of the gastrointestinal tract are usually limited to symptomatic treatment. The capacity of the enteric nervous system (ENS) to regenerate and the fact that progenitor cells of the enteric nervous system reside in the postnatal and adult gut led to the idea to develop cell-based strategies to treat ENS related disorders. This short review focuses on recent developments in cell-based ENS regeneration, discussing advantages and disadvantages of various cell sources, functional impact of transplanted cells and highlights the challenges of translation of small animal studies to human application.

scholarly journals Mycotoxins and the Enteric Nervous System

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sławomir Gonkowski ◽  
Magdalena Gajęcka ◽  
Krystyna Makowska
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Harmful Effects

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various fungal species. They are commonly found in a wide range of agricultural products. Mycotoxins contained in food enter living organisms and may have harmful effects on many internal organs and systems. The gastrointestinal tract, which first comes into contact with mycotoxins present in food, is particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of these toxins. One of the lesser-known aspects of the impact of mycotoxins on the gastrointestinal tract is the influence of these substances on gastrointestinal innervation. Therefore, the present study is the first review of current knowledge concerning the influence of mycotoxins on the enteric nervous system, which plays an important role, not only in almost all regulatory processes within the gastrointestinal tract, but also in adaptive and protective reactions in response to pathological and toxic factors in food.

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