scholarly journals Metrology, Memory and Long-Term Landscape Inhabitation: Evidence for the Septarian Package on the Atlantic Façade

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1 and 2) ◽  
pp. 249-267
Author(s):  
Roslyn M. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Memory Traces ◽  
Units Of Measurement ◽  
Metrological Practice

All along the Atlantic façade there is evidence that distinctive septarian units of measurement were employed, suggesting a continuity of metrological practice and more particularly the association of the Septarian Package with agropastoral practices. The goal of this paper is to show how this metrological Sprachbund with its geographical diffusion and memory traces can be brought into play to examine cultural conceptualisations and practices that might have been associated with megalithic structures found along the Atlantic façade.

Retrieval from Memory or Procedural Strategies for Addition Problems

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muriel Fanget ◽  
Catherine Thevenot ◽  
Caroline Castel ◽  
Michel Fayol
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Simple Addition ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Addition Problem ◽  
Retrieval From Memory ◽  
Calculation Procedures

In this study, we used a paradigm recently developed ( Thevenot, Fanget, & Fayol, 2007 ) to determine whether 10-year-old children solve simple addition problems by retrieval of the answer from long-term memory or by calculation procedures. Our paradigm is unique in that it does not rely on reaction times or verbal reports, which are known to potentially bias the results, especially in children. Rather, it takes advantage of the fact that calculation procedures degrade the memory traces of the operands, so that it is more difficult to recognize them when they have been involved in the solution of an addition problem by calculation rather than by retrieval. The present study sharpens the current conclusions in the literature and shows that, when the sum of addition problems is up to 10, children mainly use retrieval, but when it is greater than 10, they mainly use calculation procedures.

scholarly journals Selective increase of functional network connectivity in Arc-positive neuronal engrams after long-term potentiation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuheng Jiang ◽  
Antonius M.J. VanDongen
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Memory Engram

ABSTRACTNew tools in optogenetics and molecular biology have culminated in recent studies which mark immediate-early gene (IEG)-expressing neurons as memory traces or engrams. Although the activity-dependent expression of IEGs has been successfully utilised to label memory traces, their roles in engram specification is incompletely understood. Outstanding questions remain as to whether expression of IEGs can interplay with network properties such as functional connectivity and also if neurons expressing different IEGs are functionally distinct. We investigated the expression of Arc and c-Fos, two commonly utilised IEGs in memory engram specification, in cultured hippocampal neurons. After pharmacological induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the network, we noted an emergent network property of refinement in functional connectivity between neurons, characterized by a global down-regulation of network connectivity, together with strengthening of specific connections. Subsequently, we show that Arc expression correlates with the effects of network refinement, with Arc-positive neurons being selectively strengthened. Arc positive neurons were also found to be located in closer physical proximity to each other in the network. While the expression pattern of IEGs c-Fos and Arc strongly overlaps, Arc was more selectively expressed than c-Fos. These IEGs also act together in coding information about connection strength pruning. These results demonstrate important links between IEG expression and network connectivity, which serve to bridge the gap between cellular correlates and network effects in learning and memory.

scholarly journals Deficit of long-term memory traces for words in children with cochlear implants

2020 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 1323-1331
Author(s):  
Long-Long Zhang ◽  
Ya-Qin Zhong ◽  
Jing-Wu Sun ◽  
Lin Chen ◽  
Jia-Qiang Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Traces

scholarly journals Dynamic embedding of salience coding in hippocampal spatial maps

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaaki Sato ◽  
Kotaro Mizuta ◽  
Tanvir Islam ◽  
Masako Kawano ◽  
Takashi Takekawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Level ◽  
Spatial Representations ◽  
Virtual Reality Environment ◽  
Ca1 Neurons ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Hippocampal Ca1 ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
Previous Location

SummaryHippocampal CA1 neurons participate in dynamic ensemble codes for space and memory. Prominent features of the environment are represented by an increased density of place cells, but cellular principles governing the formation and plasticity of such disproportionate maps are unknown. We thus imaged experience-dependent long-term changes in spatial representations at the cellular level in the CA1 deep sublayer in mice learning to navigate in a virtual-reality environment. The maps were highly dynamic but gradually stabilized as over-representations for motivational (reward) and environmental (landmark) salience emerged in different time courses by selective consolidation of relevant spatial representations. Relocation of the reward extensively reorganized pre-formed maps by a mechanism involving rapid recruitment of cells from the previous location followed by their re-stabilization, indicating that a subset of neurons encode reward-related information. The distinct properties of these CA1 cells may provide a substrate by which salient experience forms lasting and adaptable memory traces.

Core mechanisms underlying the long-term stability of working memory traces still work in aging

2020 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Gabriel Jarjat ◽  
Gaën Plancher ◽  
Sophie Portrat
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Term Stability ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Memory Traces

scholarly journals Autobiographical Memory Retrieval and Hippocampal Activation as a Function of Repetition and the Passage of Time

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Nadel ◽  
Jenna Campbell ◽  
Lee Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Perirhinal Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Multiple Trace Theory

Multiple trace theory (MTT) predicts that hippocampal memory traces expand and strengthen as a function of repeated memory retrievals. We tested this hypothesis utilizing fMRI, comparing the effect of memory retrieval versus the mere passage of time on hippocampal activation. While undergoing fMRI scanning, participants retrieved remote autobiographical memories that had been previously retrieved either one month earlier, two days earlier, or multiple times during the preceding month. Behavioral analyses revealed that the number and consistency of memory details retrieved increased with multiple retrievals but not with the passage of time. While all three retrieval conditions activated a similar set of brain regions normally associated with autobiographical memory retrieval including medial temporal lobe structures, hippocampal activation did not change as a function of either multiple retrievals or the passage of time. However, activation in other brain regions, including the precuneus, lateral prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, lateral temporal lobe, and perirhinal cortex increased after multiple retrievals, but was not influenced by the passage of time. These results have important implications for existing theories of long-term memory consolidation.

scholarly journals Control of E-S Potentiation at two different sites in the dendro-somatic axis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason K. Clark ◽  
Daniel V. Madison
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Electrical Coupling ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Synaptic Inhibition ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
In Series

AbstractEPSP-Spike (E-S) Potentiation occurs alongside synaptic Long-Term Potentiation (LTP), both triggered by high-frequency synaptic stimulation (HFS). In this study, we confirm the earlier findings that E-S potentiation appears to be prevented by prior reduction of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmission. However, we demonstrate that this is a result of an occlusion of E-S potentiation, not a block. E-S potentiation and GABAA antagonism each saturate postsynaptic action potential discharge, but E-S potentiation can still be induced by high frequency activation of synapses, even in the presence of pharmacological GABAA blockade. These results suggest that GABAA blockers/antagonists and E-S potentiation share an expression mechanism, namely the reduction of GABAA-mediated synaptic inhibition. We also assayed changes in the electrical coupling between dendrite and soma, and were surprised to find that this coupling is decreased following HFS, a change that would oppose E-S potentiation. This decrease in dendritic-soma electrical coupling (D-S coupling) was induced through the action of GABAB receptors, but not maintained or expressed via the activity of these receptors. These data all together suggest that there are two distinct and opposing changes that occur as a result of HFS: 1) A decrease in passive dendro-somatic electrical coupling, and 2), an increase in coupling between the somatic EPSP and action potential generation. These two opposing influences may function as a homeostatic mechanism to balance the excitatory/inhibitory relationship between primary neurons and interneurons, and may represent a separate mechanism by which feedback and feed-forward synaptic inhibition can influence E-S coupling in opposite directions.Significance statementE-S Potentiation is an activity-dependent form of plasticity that boosts the efficiency of the coupling between synaptic input and action potential output in a neuron. Because it is induced by synaptic activity in series with the more familiar long-term potentiation (LTP), and is similarly persistent, it represents an additional mechanism by which memory traces may be stored within neural circuits. The significance of this paper is that it shows that there are at least two points of control for E-S potentiation which influence it in opposite directions, thereby providing additional basic mechanisms by which memory traces may be modulated.

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