The influence of incentive motivation and risk tolerance on risky decisions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heribert Wienkamp
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Incentive Motivation ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Latent Factors ◽  
Control Power ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Risky Decisions

Risky decisions lead to cognitive-emotional stress because they depend on personal advantages and disadvantages. Assuming that incentive motivation, which is presumably determined by self-interest, and risk tolerance influence risky decisions, we expect that individuals would react differently. The Reinforcement-Sensitivity-Theory (RST) including the Behavioral-Approach-System (BAS) and the Behavioral-Inhibition-System (BIS) seemed to be the most suitable personality theory for this research. Three online surveys with 173, 232 and 299 participants (PN) were conducted in order to identify direct effects from the independent constructs as well as indirect effects by mediators such as current self-control power and self-assessment in view of managing risks. The hypothesis was tested by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based on data from the last two studies, and it was confirmed in both studies. More specific, the latent factors incentive motivation (or BAS) and risk tolerance (or BIS), including their predictors, indicated direct influences on risky decisions. Besides, impulsivity as a personality sub-factor should no longer belong to the BAS, but instead to the BIS as BIS (-). Furthermore, incentive motivation and risk tolerance showed reliable interactive effects only as latent factors. Mediator variables between self-interest and risky decision making showed indirect effects, too, e.g. loss of self-control power or disregarding the self-concept. Finally, the RST gets new impulses from this research model by the new latent factor risk-assessment in the SEM, which is responsible for coordinating and controlling the activities from the BIS and the BAS.

Low Self-Control of Emotions as an Antecedent of Self-Reported Physical Symptoms: A Longitudinal Perspective

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marja Kokkonen ◽  
Lea Pulkkinen ◽  
Taru Kinnunen
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire ◽  
Positive Direction ◽  
Data Collections ◽  
Low Self Control

The study was part of the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development, underway since 1968, in which children's low self-control of emotions was studied using teacher ratings at age 8 in terms of inattentiveness, shifting moods, aggression, and anxiety. The study was based on data from 112 women and 112 men who participated in the previous data collections at ages 8, 27, and 36. At age 27, the participants had been assessed in Neuroticism (N) using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire , and at age 36 they filled in several inventories measuring, among others, conscious and active attempts to repair negative emotions in a more positive direction as well as physical symptoms. The present study used structural equation modeling to test the hypothesis that personality characteristics indicating low self-control of emotions at ages 8 and 27 are antecedents of self-reported physical symptoms at age 36; and that this relationship is indirect, mediated by attempts to repair negative emotions in a more positive direction. The findings showed, albeit for men only, that inattentiveness at age 8 was positively related to self-reported physical symptoms at age 36 via high N at age 27 and low attempts to repair negative emotions at age 36. Additionally, N at age 27 was directly linked to self-reported physical symptoms at age 36. The mediation of an active attempt to repair negative emotions was not found for women. Correlations revealed, however, that shifting moods and aggression in girls were antecedents of self-reported physical symptoms in adulthood, particularly, pain and fatigue.

Social Class, Classism, Stigma, and College Students’ Attitudes Toward Counseling

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 761-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na-Yeun Choi ◽  
Matthew J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Research University ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Public Research University ◽  
Students Attitudes ◽  
Subjective Social Class

This study tested two competing theoretically and empirically derived models of college students’ attitudes toward seeking counseling. It extends the literature in this area by assessing the influence of objective and subjective social class, classism, and stigma on attitudes. We used structural equation modeling to analyze self-reported archival data from 2,230 incoming college students at a large, public research university in the Eastern United States. The results demonstrated the superiority of the direct and indirect effects of social class over the competing indirect effects model of social class. The results further indicated that objective social class related to attitudes toward seeking professional help indirectly through subjective social class, classism, and stigma. Finally, the results also showed that objective social class, subjective social class, and classism operated differently in the model. We discuss study limitations, future directions for research, and recommendations for practice.

scholarly journals Role of Healthy Work Environments in Sustainability of Goal Achievement; Ethical Leadership, Intention to Sabotage, and Psychological Capital in Jordanian Universities

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadi Mohammad Altahat ◽  
Tarik Atan
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Leadership ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Psychological Capital ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Goal Achievement ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
The North

(1) Background: Long-term competitiveness and sustainability of goal achievement are constantly being sought out by organizations. This study examined the link between ethical leadership, intention to sabotage, and psychological capital in Jordanian universities and how they provide a healthy environment conducive to goal achievement sustainability. The literature indicated gaps in knowledge regarding the correlation between these variables in non-western countries, which this study intends to fill. The study drew from social learning theory and self-control theory. (2) Methods: Data was obtained by collecting survey questionnaires from a sample of 376 employees in different universities in the north of Jordan, and was analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Structural Equation Modeling. (3) Results: A significant and direct negative relationship was found between both ethical leadership and psychological capital on employees’ intention to sabotage. Also, a significant and direct positive effect was found between ethical leadership and psychological capital. Furthermore, it was found that psychological capital mediated the relationship between ethical leadership and employees’ intention to sabotage. (4) Conclusions: Leaders have a critical role in increasing employee psychological capital and decreasing intention to sabotage. Many implications indicated by the study’s findings, both theoretical and practical, were discussed.

scholarly journals Low self-control and aggression exert serial mediation between inattention/hyperactivity problems and severity of internet gaming disorder features longitudinally among adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-409
Author(s):  
Hyunsuk Jeong ◽  
Hyeon Woo Yim ◽  
Seung-Yup Lee ◽  
Hae Kook Lee ◽  
Marc N. Potenza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Internet Gaming Disorder ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Gaming Disorder ◽  
Internet Gaming ◽  
Serial Mediation ◽  
Low Self Control

AbstractObjectivesWe examined serial mediating roles of low self-control and aggression in explaining relationships between levels of inattention and hyperactivity problems (IHPs) and severity of Internet gaming disorder (IGD) features when exposed to online games among adolescents without Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) stratified by gender using three-wave longitudinal study.MethodThe sample comprised a total of 1,732 family dyads from a study that was conducted among seventh graders without diagnoses of ADHD at baseline. Levels of IHPs were assessed by the parent reported Korean version of the ADHD rating scale at baseline (wave1). Severity of IGD features was assessed by the Internet Game Use-Elicited Symptom Screen (IGUESS) at wave3. Both levels of self-control (wave1) and aggression (wave2) were assessed by self-report. The mediating role of low self-control and aggression in the relationships between level of IHPs and severity of IGD were evaluated using serial mediation analysis separately for each gender.ResultsLevels of IHPs were related directly to severity of IGD features in both genders. The indirect effects via low self-control were also significant in both genders, however, the indirect effects via aggression was significant only in women. The serial mediation effect via low self-control and aggression between levels of IHPs and IGD features was significant in both genders (men, coefficient:0.009, 95%CI 0.005–0.019; women, coefficient:0.010, 95%CI:0.005–0.026).ConclusionWe revealed a possible mechanism underlying a serial mediation chain from low self-control to aggression explaining the effects of IHPs on severity of IGD features. However, this conclusion should be taken with a caution, because the effect sizes were very low.

scholarly journals The reasoned action approach applied to health behavior: Role of past behavior and test of some key moderators using meta-analytic structural equation modeling

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin S Hagger ◽  
Juho Polet ◽  
Taru Lintunen
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Health Behavior ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Reasoned Action Approach ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Past Behavior

Rationale: The reasoned action approach (RAA) is a social cognitive model that outlines the determinants of intentional behavior. Primary and meta-analytic studies support RAA predictions in multiple health behaviors. However, including past behavior as a predictor in the RAA may attenuate model effects. Direct effects of past behavior on behavior may reflect non-conscious processes while indirect effects of past behavior through social cognitive variables may represent reasoned processes. Objective: The present study extended a previous meta-analysis of the RAA by including effects of past behavior. The analysis also tested effects of candidate moderators of model predictions: behavioral frequency, behavior type, and measurement lag.Method: We augmented a previous meta-analytic data set with correlations between model constructs and past behavior. We tested RAA models that included and excluded past behavior using meta-analytic structural equation modeling and compared the effects. Separate models were estimated in studies on high and low frequency behaviors, studies on different types of behavior, and studies with longer and shorter measurement lag.Results: Including past behavior attenuated model effects, particularly the direct effect of intentions on behavior, and indirect effects of experiential attitudes, descriptive norms, and capacity on behavior through intentions. Moderator analyses revealed larger intention-behavior and past behavior-behavior effects in high frequency studies, but the differences were not significant. No other notable moderator effects were observed.Conclusion: Findings indicate a prominent role for habitual processes in determining health behavior and inclusion of past behavior in RAA tests is important to yield precise estimates of model effects.

scholarly journals Body Mass Index Moderates Brain Dynamics and Executive Function: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Kupis ◽  
Zachary T. Goodman ◽  
Salome Kornfeld ◽  
Celia Romero ◽  
Bryce Dirks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
Latent Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Obesity is associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes. Being overweight/obese is also associated with executive functioning impairments and structural changes in the brain. However, the impact of body mass index (BMI) on the relationship between brain dynamics and executive function (EF) is unknown. The goal of the study was to assess the modulatory effects of BMI on brain dynamics and EF. A large sample of publicly available neuroimaging and neuropsychological assessment data collected from 253 adults (18–45 years; mean BMI 26.95 kg/m2 ± 5.90 SD) from the Nathan Kline Institute (NKI) were included (http://fcon_1000.projects.nitrc.org/indi/enhanced/). Participants underwent resting-state functional MRI and completed the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) test battery (1). Time series were extracted from 400 brain nodes and used in a co-activation pattern (CAP) analysis. Dynamic CAP metrics including dwell time (DT), frequency of occurrence, and transitions were computed. Multiple measurement models were compared based on model fit with indicators from the D-KEFS assigned a priori (shifting, inhibition, and fluency). Multiple structural equation models were computed with interactions between BMI and the dynamic CAP metrics predicting the three latent factors of shifting, inhibition, and fluency while controlling for age, sex, and head motion. Models were assessed for the main effects of BMI and CAP metrics predicting the latent factors. A three-factor model (shifting, inhibition, and fluency) resulted in the best model fit. Significant interactions were present between BMI and CAP 2 (lateral frontoparietal (L-FPN), medial frontoparietal (M-FPN), and limbic nodes) and CAP 5 (dorsal frontoparietal (D-FPN), midcingulo-insular (M-CIN), somatosensory motor, and visual network nodes) DTs associated with shifting. A higher BMI was associated with a positive relationship between CAP DTs and shifting. Conversely, in average and low BMI participants, a negative relationship was seen between CAP DTs and shifting. Our findings indicate that BMI moderates the relationship between brain dynamics of networks important for cognitive control and shifting, an index of cognitive flexibility. Furthermore, higher BMI is linked with altered brain dynamic patterns associated with shifting.

Aggression, social competence, and academic achievement in Chinese children: A 5-year longitudinal study

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyin Chen ◽  
Xiaorui Huang ◽  
Lei Chang ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Dan Li
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Social Competence ◽  
School Performance ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Cascade Effects ◽  
School Records

AbstractThe primary purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine, in a sample of Chinese children (initial M age = 8 years, N = 1,140), contributions of aggression to the development of social competence and academic achievement. Five waves of panel data on aggression and social and school performance were collected from peer evaluations, teacher ratings, and school records in Grades 2 to 5. Structural equation modeling revealed that aggression had unique effects on later social competence and academic achievement after their stabilities were controlled, particularly in the junior grades. Aggression also had significant indirect effects on social and academic outcomes through multiple pathways. Social competence and academic achievement contributed to the development of each other, but not aggression. The results indicate cascade effects of aggression in Chinese children from a developmental perspective.

Low Self-Control, Parental Intervention, and Delinquency Among Native American Youth

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyunin Baek ◽  
Jason A. Nicholson ◽  
George E. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Parental Intervention ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Low Self Control

Researchers in criminal justice literature have relatively underexamined the delinquency among Native American (NA) youth. Using data from the Drug Use Among Young Indians: Epidemiology and Prediction study, the present study tested assumptions in Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory. This study found evidence supporting the theory. Low self-control was a significant predictor to NA adolescents’ delinquency. However, parental intervention as an opportunity measure and it was not a mediation between low self-control and delinquency. Moreover, while parental intervention significantly decreased delinquency by female adolescents, parental intervention significantly increased delinquency by male adolescents. In addition, the mediation effect in structural equation modeling for males occurred; in contrast, the effect in the female model did not happen. On the other hand, low self-control was still the crucial predictor to adolescents’ delinquency across gender. Thus, future studies will need to account for the etiology of NA adolescents’ delinquency across gender using different approaches.

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