scholarly journals Muon Tomography sites for Colombian volcanoes

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Vesga-Ramírez ◽  
David Sierra Porta ◽  
Jesús Peña Rodríguez ◽  
José Sanabria-Gómez ◽  
Martha Valencia-Otero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Muon Flux ◽  
Detector Response ◽  
Muon Energy ◽  
Muon Telescope ◽  
Detailed Simulation ◽  
Cerro Negro ◽  
Simulation Scheme

By using a very detailed simulation scheme, we have calculated the cosmic ray background flux at 13 active Colombian volcanoes and developed a methodology to identify the most convenient places for a muon telescope to study their inner structure. Our simulation scheme considers three critical factors with different spatial and time scales: the geo-magnetic effects, the development of extensive air showers in the atmosphere, and the detector response at ground level. The muon energy dissipation along the path crossing the geological structure is modeled considering the losses due to ionization, and also contributions from radiative Bremßtrahlung, nuclear interactions, and pair production. By examining each particular volcano topography and assuming reasonable statistics for different instrument acceptances, we obtained the muon flux crossing each structure and estimated the exposure time for our hybrid muon telescope at several points around each geological edifice. After a detailed study from the topography, we have identified the best volcano to be studied, spotted the best points to place a muon telescope and estimated its time exposures for a significant statistics of muon flux. We have devised a mix of technical and logistic rules –the “rule of thumb” criteria– and found that only Cerro Machín, located at the Cordillera Central (4°29'N 75°22'W), can be feasibly studied today through muography. Cerro Negro and Chiles could be good candidates shortly.

Muon interactions in the energy range 5 to 1 000 GeV

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S365-S368 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. N. Kelly ◽  
P. K. MacKeown ◽  
S. S. Said ◽  
A. W. Wolfendale
Keyword(s):  
Energy Range ◽  
Pair Production ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Muon Energy ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Electromagnetic Showers ◽  
Electromagnetic Interactions

The Durham Horizontal Spectrograph has been used to study the variation with energy of the frequency of electromagnetic interactions of muons. A considerable increase in the frequency of occurrence of electromagnetic showers with muon energy is observed and is attributable in the main to direct pair production. The form of the variation with energy of the interaction probabilities and the frequency of successive interactions of the same particle are consistent with all the particles being muons, and it is concluded that there is no evidence in favor of the existence of particles having an unusually high probability of burst production–the X particles postulated by Vernov et al. (1966)–at least in the near-horizontal cosmic-ray beam at ground level.

scholarly journals Ground‐level muon flux variation in a cosmic ray simulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa G. Pereira ◽  
César A. Vasconcellos ◽  
Dimiter Hadjimichef
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Muon Flux ◽  
Flux Variation

scholarly journals Geant4 simulations of STIX Caliste-SO detector's response to solar X-ray radiation

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (S320) ◽  
pp. 439-441
Author(s):  
Jaromir Barylak ◽  
Aleksandra Barylak ◽  
Tomasz Mrozek ◽  
Marek Steślicki ◽  
Piotr Podgórski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Detector Response ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Accuracy Comparison ◽  
Detailed Simulation ◽  
New Type ◽  
Complicated Geometry ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractSpectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) is a part of Solar Orbiter (SO) science payload. SO will be launched in October 2018, and after three years of cruise phase, it will reach orbit with perihelion distance of 0.3 a.u. STIX is a Fourier imager equipped with pairs of grids that comprise the flare hard X-ray tomograph. Similar imager types were already used in the past (eq. RHESSI, Yohkoh/HXT), but STIX will incorporate Moiré modulation and a new type of pixelized detectors with CdTe sensor. We developed a method of modeling these detectors' response matrix (DRM) using the Geant4 simulations of X-ray photons interactions with CdTe crystals. Taking into account known detector effects (Fano noise, hole tailing etc.) we modeled the resulting spectra with high accuracy. Comparison of Caliste-SO laboratory measurements of 241Am decay spectrum with our results shows a very good agreement. The modeling based on the Geant4 simulations significantly improves our understanding of detector response to X-ray photons. Developed methodology gives opportunity for detailed simulation of whole instrument response with complicated geometry and secondary radiation from cosmic ray particles taken into account. Moreover, we are developing the Geant4 simulations of aging effects which decrease detector's performance.

Detector response and calibration of the cosmic-ray detector of the Sileye-3/Alteino experiment

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1691-1696 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Casolino ◽  
V. Bidoli ◽  
M. Minori ◽  
L. Narici ◽  
M.P. De Pascale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Detector Response

Analysis of seasonal variations of the cosmic ray muon flux and neutrons produced by muons in the LVD detector

2011 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Yu. Agafonova ◽  
◽  
V. V. Boyarkin ◽  
V. L. Dadykin ◽  
E. A. Dobrynina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Muon Flux

scholarly journals Simulations of Muon Flux in Slanic Salt Mine

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Bektasoglu ◽  
Halil Arslan ◽  
Denis Stanca
Keyword(s):  
Zenith Angle ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Muon Flux ◽  
Simulation Program ◽  
Grand Unification ◽  
Geant4 Simulation ◽  
Salt Mine ◽  
Neutrino Astrophysics ◽  
Simulation Package

Geant4 simulation package was used to simulate muon fluxes at different locations, the floor of UNIREA mine and two levels of CANTACUZINO mine, of Slanic Prahova site in Romania. This site is specially important since it is one of the seven sites in Europe that are under consideration of housing large detector components of Large Apparatus studying Grand Unification and Neutrino Astrophysics (LAGUNA) project. Simulations were performed for vertical muons and for muons with a zenith angleθ≤60°. Primary muon flux and energies at ground level were obtained from previous measurements. Results of the simulations are in general agreement with previous simulations made using MUSIC simulation program and with the measurements made using a mobile detector.

scholarly journals Calculating the ionization rate induced by GCR and SCR protons in Earth’s atmosphere

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 68-74
Author(s):  
Евгений Маурчев ◽  
Evgeniy Maurchev ◽  
Юрий Балабин ◽  
Yuriy Balabin ◽  
Алексей Германенко ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Particle ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Ionization Rate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Energy Distributions ◽  
Earth’S Atmosphere ◽  
Geomagnetic Cutoff Rigidity ◽  
Geomagnetic Cutoff ◽  
Earth's Atmosphere

This paper explores the applied use of the RUSCOSMICS software package [http://ruscosmics.ru] designed to simulate propagation of primary cosmic ray (CR) particles through Earth’s atmosphere and collect information about characteristics of their secondary component. We report the results obtained for proton fluxes with energy distributions corresponding to the differential spectra of galactic CR (GCR) and solar CR (SCR) during ground level enhancement (GLE) events GLE65 and GLE67. We examine features of the geometry of Earth’s atmosphere, parametrization methods, and describe a primary particle generator. The typical energy spectra of electrons obtained both for GCR and for GLE65 provide information that allows us to quantitatively estimate the SCR contribution to the enhancement of secondary CR fluxes. We also present altitude dependences of ionization rate for GCR and both the GLE events for several geomagnetic cutoff rigidity values. The conclusion summarizes and discusses the prospects for future research.

scholarly journals Short- and Medium-Term Induced Ionization in the Earth Atmosphere by Galactic and Solar Cosmic Rays

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Mishev
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Earth Atmosphere ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Ground Level Enhancement ◽  
Solar Cosmic Rays ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Ionization Effect

The galactic cosmic rays are the main source of ionization in the troposphere of the Earth. Solar energetic particles of MeV energies cause an excess of ionization in the atmosphere, specifically over polar caps. The ionization effect during the major ground level enhancement 69 on January 20, 2005 is studied at various time scales. The estimation of ion rate is based on a recent numerical model for cosmic-ray-induced ionization. The ionization effect in the Earth atmosphere is obtained on the basis of solar proton energy spectra, reconstructed from GOES 11 measurements and subsequent full Monte Carlo simulation of cosmic-ray-induced atmospheric cascade. The evolution of atmospheric cascade is performed with CORSIKA 6.990 code using FLUKA 2011 and QGSJET II hadron interaction models. The atmospheric ion rate is explicitly obtained for various latitudes, namely, 40°N, 60°N and 80°N. The time evolution of obtained ion rates is presented. The short- and medium-term ionization effect is compared with the average effect due to galactic cosmic rays. It is demonstrated that ionization effect is significant only in subpolar and polar atmosphere during the major ground level enhancement of January 20, 2005. It is negative in troposphere at midlatitude, because of the accompanying Forbush effect.

The ground-level cosmic-ray event of September 29, 1989 as recorded by the rome detectors

1991 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Alessio ◽  
L. Allegri ◽  
D. Fargion ◽  
S. Improta ◽  
N. Iucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Ground Level
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