scholarly journals New insights into Mt. Vesuvius hydrothermal system and its dynamic based on a critical review of seismic tomography and geochemical features

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edoardo Del Pezzo ◽  
Giovanni Chiodini ◽  
Stefano Caliro ◽  
Francesca Bianco ◽  
Rosario Avino
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal System ◽  
Seismic Velocity ◽  
Seismic Energy ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
High Attenuation ◽  
Amplitude Spectra ◽  
Wave Travel ◽  
Attenuation Values

<p>The seismic velocity and attenuation tomography images, calculated inverting respectively P-wave travel times and amplitude spectra of local VT quakes at Mt. Vesuvius have been reviewed and graphically represented using a new software recently developed using Mathematica<span><sup>8TM</sup></span>. The 3-D plots of the interpolated velocity and attenuation fields obtained through this software evidence low-velocity volumes associated with high attenuation anomalies in the depth range from about 1 km to 3 km below the sea level. The heterogeneity in the distribution of the velocity and attenuation values increases in the volume centred around the crater axis and laterally extended about 4 km, where the geochemical interpretation of the data from fumarole emissions reveals the presence of a hydrothermal system with temperatures as high as 400-450°C roughly in the same depth range (1.5 km to 4 km). The zone where the hydrothermal system is space-confined possibly hosted the residual magma erupted by Mt. Vesuvius during the recent eruptions, and is the site where most of the seismic energy release has occurred since the last 1944 eruption.</p>

scholarly journals Inside Mt. Vesuvius: a new method to look at the seismic (velocity and attenuation) tomographic imaging

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edoardo Del Pezzo ◽  
Francesca Bianco
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Seismic Velocity ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Geological Structures ◽  
High Attenuation ◽  
Amplitude Spectra ◽  
Vertical Slice ◽  
3D Volume ◽  
Color Scales

<p>New velocity and attenuation images of the geological structures below Mt. Vesuvius have been obtained using the programming facilities as well as the enhanced graphical power of Mathematica<span><sup>8TM</sup></span>. The velocity and attenuation space distributions, already calculated inverting respectively P-wave travel times and amplitude spectra of local VT quakes, are first optimally interpolated and then graphically represented in a new Mathematica<span><sup>8TM</sup></span> code notebook (a powerful computational document with more facilities than a simple code) developed by the present authors. The notebook aims at interactively and friendly representing 3D volume distributions of velocity and attenuation parameters. The user can easily obtain vertical sections (N-S, E-W, NE-SW and NW-SE oriented) and define color scales to represent velocity or attenuation variations or prefer iso-surface plots to represent the pattern of peculiar geological structures. The use of dynamic graphical representation, allowing the sliding of any (horizontal and/or vertical) slice through the volume under study, gives an unusual and powerful vision of any small velocity or attenuation anomaly. The (open source) code, coupled with the friendly use of internal routines of Mathematica, allows to adapt the graphical representation to any user necessity. The method appears to be particularly adapt to represent attenuation images, where the space variations of the parameters are strong with respect to their average. The 3-D plots of the interpolated velocity and attenuation fields enhance the image of Mt. Vesuvius structure, evidencing low-velocity associated with high attenuation anomalies which appeared unfocused in the plots reported by Scarpa et al. [2002] and De Siena et al. [2009].</p>

The relationship between Vs, Vp, density and depth based on PS-logging data at K-NET and KiK-net sites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumiaki Nagashima ◽  
Hiroshi Kawase
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Seismic Velocity ◽  
Saturated Soil ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Velocity Inversion ◽  
Velocity Models ◽  
Regression Curves ◽  
Ps Logging

Summary P-wave velocity (Vp) is an important parameter for constructing seismic velocity models of the subsurface structures by using microtremors and earthquake ground motions or any other geophysical exploration data. In order to reflect the ground survey information in Japan to the Vp structure, we investigated the relationships among Vs, Vp, and depth by using PS-logging data at all K-NET and KiK-net sites. Vp values are concentrated at around 500 m/s and 1,500 m/s when Vs is lower than 1,000 m/s, where these concentrated areas show two distinctive characteristics of unsaturated and saturated soil, respectively. Many Vp values in the layer shallower than 4 m are around 500 m/s, which suggests the dominance of unsaturated soil, while many Vp values in the layer deeper than 4 m are larger than 1,500 m/s, which suggests the dominance of saturated soil there. We also investigated those relationships for different soil types at K-NET sites. Although each soil type has its own depth range, all soil types show similar relationships among Vs, Vp, and depth. Then, considering the depth profile of Vp, we divided the dataset into two by the depth, which is shallower or deeper than 4 m, and calculated the geometrical mean of Vp and the geometrical standard deviation in every Vs bins of 200 m/s. Finally, we obtained the regression curves for the average and standard deviation of Vp estimated from Vs to get the Vp conversion functions from Vs, which can be applied to a wide Vs range. We also obtained the regression curves for two datasets with Vp lower and higher than 1,200 m/s. These regression curves can be applied when the groundwater level is known. In addition, we obtained the regression curves for density from Vs or Vp. An example of the application for those relationships in the velocity inversion is shown.

scholarly journals P-wave crustal tomography of Greece with use of an accurate two-point ray tracer

1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Drakatos ◽  
G. Karantonis ◽  
G. N. Stavrakakis
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Velocity Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Seismic Energy ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Aegean Area ◽  
Arrival Times ◽  
Horizontal Variations

The three-dimensional velocity structure of the crust in the Aegean sea and the surrounding regions (34.0º-42.OºN, 19.0ºE-29.0ºE) is investigated by inversion of about 10000 residuals of arrival times of P-wave from local events. The resulting velocity structure shows strong horizontal variations due to the complicated crustal structure and the variations of crustal thickness. The northern part of the region generally shows high velocities. In the inner part of the volcanic arc (Southern Aegean area), relatively low velocities are observed, suggesting a large-scale absorption of seismic energy as confirmed by the low seismicity of the region. A low velocity zone was observed along the subduction zone of the region, up to a depth of 4 km. The existence of such a zone could be due to granitic or other intrusions in the crust during the uplift of the region during Alpidic orogenesis.

Survey design for coal-scale 3D-PS seismic reflection

Geophysics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. P57-P70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun Strong ◽  
Steve Hearn
Keyword(s):  
Survey Design ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Azimuthal Anisotropy ◽  
Mine Planning ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Converted Wave ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Economic Considerations

Survey design for converted-wave (PS) reflection is more complicated than for standard P-wave surveys, due to raypath asymmetry and increased possibility of phase distortion. Coal-scale PS surveys (depth [Formula: see text]) require particular consideration, partly due to the particular physical properties of the target (low density and low velocity). Finite-difference modeling provides a pragmatic evaluation of the likely distortion due to inclusion of postcritical reflections. If the offset range is carefully chosen, then it may be possible to incorporate high-amplitude postcritical reflections without seriously degrading the resolution in the stack. Offsets of up to three times target depth may in some cases be usable, with appropriate quality control at the data-processing stage. This means that the PS survey design may need to handle raypaths that are highly asymmetrical and that are very sensitive to assumed velocities. A 3D-PS design was used for a particular coal survey with the target in the depth range of 85–140 m. The objectives were acceptable fold balance between bins and relatively smooth distribution of offset and azimuth within bins. These parameters are relatively robust for the P-wave design, but much more sensitive for the case of PS. Reduction of the source density is more acceptable than reduction of the receiver density, particularly in terms of the offset-azimuth distribution. This is a fortuitous observation in that it improves the economics of a dynamite source, which is desirable for high-resolution coal-mine planning. The final-survey design necessarily allows for logistical and economic considerations, which implies some technical compromise. However, good fold, offset, and azimuth distributions are achieved across the survey area, yielding a data set suitable for meaningful analysis of P and S azimuthal anisotropy.

scholarly journals POLENET/LAPNET teleseismic <i>P</i> wave travel time tomography model of the upper mantle beneath northern Fennoscandia

Solid Earth ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Silvennoinen ◽  
Elena Kozlovskaya ◽  
Eduard Kissling
Keyword(s):  
Upper Mantle ◽  
Fennoscandian Shield ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Lateral Velocity ◽  
International Polar Year ◽  
Northern Fennoscandia ◽  
Wave Tomography

Abstract. The POLENET/LAPNET (Polar Earth Observing Network) broadband seismic network was deployed in northern Fennoscandia (Finland, Sweden, Norway, and Russia) during the third International Polar Year 2007–2009. The array consisted of roughly 60 seismic stations. In our study, we estimate the 3-D architecture of the upper mantle beneath the northern Fennoscandian Shield using high-resolution teleseismic P wave tomography. The P wave tomography method can complement previous studies in the area by efficiently mapping lateral velocity variations in the mantle. For this purpose 111 clearly recorded teleseismic events were selected and the data from the stations hand-picked and analysed. Our study reveals a highly heterogeneous lithospheric mantle beneath the northern Fennoscandian Shield though without any large high P wave velocity area that may indicate the presence of thick depleted lithospheric “keel”. The most significant feature seen in the velocity model is a large elongated negative velocity anomaly (up to −3.5 %) in depth range 100–150 km in the central part of our study area that can be followed down to a depth of 200 km in some local areas. This low-velocity area separates three high-velocity regions corresponding to the cratonic units forming the area.

Crosswell seismic imaging in a contaminated basalt aquifer

Geophysics ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Daley ◽  
Ernest L. Majer ◽  
John E. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Source ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
S Waves ◽  
High Attenuation ◽  
Well Spacing ◽  
Simultaneous Acquisition ◽  
Environmental Laboratory ◽  
New Type ◽  
Borehole Seismic

Multiple seismic crosswell surveys have been acquired and analyzed in a fractured basalt aquifer at Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. Most of these surveys used a high‐frequency (1000–10,000 Hz) piezoelectric seismic source to obtain P‐wave velocity tomograms. The P‐wave velocities range from less than 3200 m/s to more than 5000 m/s. Additionally, a new type of borehole seismic source was deployed as part of the subsurface characterization program at this contaminated groundwater site. This source, known as an orbital vibrator, allows simultaneous acquisition of P‐ and S‐waves at frequencies of 100 to 400 Hz, and acquisition over larger distances. The velocity tomograms show a relationship to contaminant transport in the groundwater; zones of high contaminant concentration are coincident with zones of low velocity and high attenuation and are interpreted to be fracture zones at the boundaries between basalt flows. The orbital vibrator data show high Vp/Vs values, from 1.8 to 2.8. In spite of the lower resolution of orbital vibrator data, these data were sufficient for constraining hydrologic models at this site while achieving imaging over large interwell distances. The combination of piezoelectric data for closer well spacing and orbital vibrator data for larger well spacings has provided optimal imaging capability and has been instrumental in our understanding of the site aquifer's hydrologic properties and its scale of heterogeneity.

Seismic structure of basalt flows from surface seismic data, borehole measurements, and synthetic seismogram modeling

Geophysics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1925-1936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz M. Fliedner ◽  
Robert S. White
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Structure ◽  
Seismic Velocity ◽  
Synthetic Seismogram ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Wide Angle ◽  
Seismic Velocities ◽  
Seismic Structure ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Amplitude Variation With Offset ◽  
Velocity Gradients

We use the wide‐angle wavefield to constrain estimates of the seismic velocity and thickness of basalt flows overlying sediments. Wide angle means the seismic wavefield recorded at offsets beyond the emergence of the direct wave. This wide‐angle wavefield contains arrivals that are returned from within and below the basalt flows, including the diving wave through the basalts as the first arrival and P‐wave reflections from the base of the basalts and from subbasalt structures. The velocity structure of basalt flows can be determined to first order from traveltime information by ray tracing the basalt turning rays and the wide‐angle base‐basalt reflection. This can be refined by using the amplitude variation with offset (AVO) of the basalt diving wave. Synthetic seismogram models with varying flow thicknesses and velocity gradients demonstrate the sensitivity to the velocity structure of the basalt diving wave and of reflections from the base of the basalt layer and below. The diving‐wave amplitudes of the models containing velocity gradients show a local amplitude minimum followed by a maximum at a greater range if the basalt thickness exceeds one wavelength and beyond that an exponential amplitude decay. The offset at which the maximum occurs can be used to determine the basalt thickness. The velocity gradient within the basalt can be determined from the slope of the exponential amplitude decay. The amplitudes of subbasalt reflections can be used to determine seismic velocities of the overburden and the impedance contrast at the reflector. Combining wide‐angle traveltimes and amplitudes of the basalt diving wave and subbasalt reflections enables us to obtain a more detailed velocity profile than is possible with the NMO velocities of small‐offset reflections. This paper concentrates on the subbasalt problem, but the results are more generally applicable to situations where high‐velocity bodies overlie a low‐velocity target, such as subsalt structures.

scholarly journals Tectonic tremor and deep slow slip on the Alpine Fault

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Wech ◽  
C Boese ◽  
Timothy Stern ◽  
John Townend
Keyword(s):  
Lower Crust ◽  
Subduction Zones ◽  
Plate Boundary ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Plate Boundaries ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Slow Slip ◽  
High Attenuation ◽  
Alpine Fault ◽  
Tectonic Tremor

Tectonic tremor is characterized by persistent, low-frequency seismic energy seen at major plate boundaries. Although predominantly associated with subduction zones, tremor also occurs along the deep extension of the strike-slip San Andreas Fault. Here we present the first observations of tectonic tremor along New Zealand's Alpine Fault, a major transform boundary that is late in its earthquake cycle. We report tectonic tremor that occurred on the central section of the Alpine Fault on 12days between March 2009 and October 2011. Tremor hypocenters concentrate in the lower crust at the downdip projection of the Alpine Fault; coincide with a zone of high P-wave attenuation (low Q p) and bright seismic reflections; occur in the 25-45km depth range, below the seismogenic zone; and may define the deep plate boundary structure extending through the lower crust and into the upper mantle. We infer this tremor to represent slow slip on the deep extent of the Alpine Fault in a fluid-rich region marked by high attenuation and reflectivity. These observations provide the first indication of present-day displacement on the lower crustal portion of the Australia-Pacific transform plate boundary. © Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union.

scholarly journals Radar and Seismic Ice-Thickness Measurements Compared on Sub Polar Glaciers in Svalbard (Abstract)

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 246-246
Author(s):  
D.J. Drewry
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Seismic Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Seismic Velocities ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Radio Echo Sounding ◽  
Echo Sounding

A comparison has been made of 46 radar-determined ice thicknesses and those resulting from seismic sounding on Bakaninbreen, Skobreen, and Paulabreen in central Spitsbergen. Significant differences were recorded between the two techniques, with 50% of the comparisons exceeding 15 m. Systematic differences between the three glaciers were also observed: on Paulabreen the seismic ice depths are consistently deeper than those determined by radio echo- sounding, whilst the opposite is true on Skobreen.Instrumental errors from the radar (SPRI 60 MHz unit) and seismic equipment (ABEM Terraloc) are considered small or insignificant. Factors affecting the respective propagation velocities may be responsible for differences in mean thickness particularly in the case of seismic waves, although the changes are obtained from the first returns. One hypothesis to explain the differences on Paulabreen, and to a lesser degree on Bakaninbreen, is that these glaciers are underlain by a seismic low-velocity layer due to the presence of moraine or till. Unfortunately, equipment problems in the field prevented the digital logging of the seismic data and the analogue records are not of sufficient quality for detailed analyses to reveal the possible presence of a till horizon and its seismic velocities. However, observations at the snout of Paulabreen show considerable thicknesses of basal till. With a “P”-wave velocity in such a layer close to or less than that of ice acoustic returns would possibly come from the till–bedrock interface, whereas radar returns would be from the region of the ice–till boundary.For the seismic ice depths that are shallower than the radar soundings on Skobreen an alternative explanation is required. The valley occupied by the glacier is considerably narrower than in the case of the other two glaciers. According to one detailed radio echo-sounding cross-profile, the line of the combined seismic and radar sounding was displaced to one side of the centre and deepest part of the glacier. This would result in early seismic returns from the nearest facets of the valley side rather than the subjacent bed. The radio waves, however, undergo a focussing effect in the ice, giving rise to a considerably smaller footprint. The difference in slant length between the general area of the bed viewed by the radar and that returning seismic energy is approximately +15–20 m at the location of the cross-profile. This value is of the order of the differences between the two systems and could therefore account for the observed disparity here and at the other locations.

Crustal Structure and Earthquakes beneath the Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supriyo Mitra ◽  
Swati Sharma ◽  
Debarchan Powali ◽  
Keith Priestley ◽  
Sunil Wanchoo
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Velocity ◽  
Receiver Function ◽  
Joint Inversion ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Kashmir Valley ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Surface Wave Dispersion ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Moderate Earthquake ◽  
Tethyan Himalaya

&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;We use P-wave receiver function (P-RF) analysis of broadband teleseismic data recorded at twenty two stations spanning the Jammu-Kishtwar Himalaya, Pir Panjal Ranges, Kashmir Valley, and Zanskar Ranges in Northwest Himalaya to model the seismic velocity structures of the crust and the uppermost mantle. Our network extends from the Shiwalik Himalaya (S) to the Tethyan Himalaya (N), across the major Himalayan thrust systems and litho-tectonic units. We perform Vp/Vs-Depth stacking of P-RF and joint inversion with surface wave dispersion data. Our analysis show that the underthrust Indian crust, beneath the Jammu-Kishtwar Himalaya, has an average thickness of ~40 km and dips northward at ~7-9&amp;#186;. The overlying Himalayan wedge increases in thickness northward from the Shiwalik Himalaya (~8&amp;#8211;10 km) to the Tethyan Himalaya (~25&amp;#8211;30 km). The underthrust Indian crust Moho is marked by a large positive impedance contrast and lies at a depth of ~45 km beneath the Shiwalik Himalaya and ~65 km beneath the Higher Himalaya, deepening northward beneath the Tethyan Himalaya. We observe Moho flexure across the Mandli-Kishanpur Thrust (MKT), in the Shiwalik Himalaya, and beneath the Kishtwar window. Each time to Moho deepens by ~10 km, from ~45 km to ~55 km, and from ~55 km to ~65 km, respectively. The Moho is remarkably flat at ~56 km beneath the Pir Panjal Ranges, from its southern foothills to the northern flank in the Kashmir Valley. North of the Kashmir Valley the Moho dips steeply underneath the Zanskar Ranges from ~56 km to ~62 km. Along the Jammu-Kishtwar common conversion point (CCP) profile the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) is highlighted by the low velocity layer (LVL) at a depth of ~8 km beneath the Shiwalik Himalaya to ~25 km beneath the Higher Himalaya. The average dip on the MHT is ~9&amp;#186; and has a frontal ramp beneath the Kishtwar window. The MKT, MBT and MCT are marked by LVLs which splays updip from the MHT. Average crustal Vp/Vs shows that beneath the Shiwalik Himalaya, west of the MFT anticline the crust is mafic in nature while towards the east the crust is felsic in nature. Beneath the Lesser Himalaya the crust is largely felsic, while beneath the Pir Panjal range the crust is intermediate to mafic. North of the Kashmir Valley, beneath the Zanskar range the crust is felsic to intermediate in nature. We compare the source mechanism of the 2013 Kishtwar earthquake (Mw 5.7) and hypocentral location of small-to-moderate earthquake beneath Kishtwar region with the CCP profile. Our results show that these earthquakes occurred on or above the MHT in the unlocking zone, between the frictionally locked shallow segment and deeper creeping segment of the MHT. This marks the zone of stress build-up on the MHT in the interseismic period and is possibly the zone of megathrust initiation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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