scholarly journals Further study of fOF2 and M(3000)F2 in different solar cycles

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Sunspot Number ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Selection Of

Measured monthly median fOF2 and M(3000)F2 for Slough over six solar cycles from 1932 onwards are examined for a selection of hours and months. Data are shown as a function of twelve-monthly smoothed sunspot number. Comparisons are made for the different solar cycles and for the rising and falling halves of each cycle. Measurements for individual cycles are compared with best-fit parabolic regression lines over all cycles to investigate possible systematic long-term effects.

scholarly journals Crisis and Continuation: The Digital Relocation of Jain Socio-Religious Praxis during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Tine Vekemans
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religious Praxis ◽  
Online Format ◽  
Media Channels ◽  
Selection Of

In early 2020, Jain diaspora communities and organizations that had been painstakingly built over the past decades were faced with the far-reaching consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and its concomitant restrictions. With the possibility of regular face-to-face contact and participation in recurring events—praying, eating, learning, and meditating together—severely limited in most places, organizations were compelled to make a choice. They either had to suspend their activities, leaving members to organize their religious activities on an individual or household basis, or pursue the continuation of some of their habitual activities in an online format, relying on their members’ motivation and technical skills. This study will explore how many Jain organizations in London took to digital media in its different forms to continue to engage with their members throughout 2020. Looking at a selection of websites and social media channels, it will examine online discourses that reveal the social and mental impact of the pandemic on Jains and the broader community, explore the relocation of activities to the digital realm, and assess participation in these activities. In doing so, this article will open a discussion on the long-term effects of this crisis-induced digital turn in Jain religious praxis, and in socio-cultural life in general.

scholarly journals Modelling seasonal nitrate concentrations in runoff of a heathland catchment in SW Norway using the MAGIC model: I. Calibration and specification of nitrogen processes

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 198-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Merete S. Sjøeng ◽  
Richard F. Wright ◽  
Øyvind Kaste
Keyword(s):  
Acidic Deposition ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Surface Water Chemistry ◽  
Magic Model ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Annual Time

MAGIC (the Model of Acidification of Groundwater In Catchments) has been widely applied on catchments all over the world. The model has been used with annual time resolution to simulate the long-term effects of acidic deposition on surface water chemistry. Here MAGIC was applied using a monthly time step. The purpose was to simulate observed seasonal nitrate (NO3) concentrations and fluxes at an upland heathland catchment in southwestern Norway during the period 1993–2004. The rates of the key ecosystem nitrogen (N) processes (mineralization, plant uptake, litterfall and immobilization) were assumed to be governed by temperature. A snow accumulation and melt routine was used. The rates were calibrated to obtain the best match between the observed and simulated NO3 patterns. The best fit was obtained with standard yearly cycles for deposition and N parameters. The results show that MAGIC can explain 68 and 88% of the variation in seasonal NO3 concentrations and fluxes, respectively. The calibrated model provides a tool for exploring the effects of future scenarios of climate change and N deposition on NO3 in streamwater.

scholarly journals The long-term effects of space weather on satellite operations

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1361-1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Welling
Keyword(s):  
Background Radiation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Radiation Background ◽  
Particle Exposure ◽  
Total Lifetime ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Integrated lifetime radiation damage may cause spacecraft to become more susceptible to operational anomalies by changing material characteristics of electronic components. This study demonstrates and quantifies the impact of these effects by examining the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) satellite anomaly database. Energetic particle data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) is used to construct the total lifetime particle exposure a satellite has received at the epoch of an anomaly. These values are compared to the satellite's chronological age and the average exposure per year (calculated over two solar cycles.) The results show that many anomalies occur on satellites that have received a total lifetime high-energy particle exposure that is disproportionate to their age. In particular, 10.8% of all events occurred on satellites that received over two times more 20 to 40 MeV proton lifetime particle exposure than predicted using an average annual mean. This number inflates to 35.2% for 40 to 80 MeV protons and 33.7% for ≥2 MeV electrons. Overall, 73.5% of all anomalies occurred on a spacecraft that had experienced greater than two times the expected particle exposure for one of the eight particle populations used in this study. Simplistically, this means that the long term radiation background exposure matters, and that if the background radiation is elevated during the satellite's lifetime, the satellite is likely to experience more anomalies than satellites that have not been exposed to the elevated environment.

scholarly journals Short- and long-term effects of developmental corticosterone exposure on avian physiology, behavioral phenotype, cognition, and fitness: A review

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 514-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan J. Schoech ◽  
Michelle A. Rensel ◽  
Rebecca S. Heiss
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Nervous System Function ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Developmental Conditions ◽  
Best Fit

Abstract A growing body of evidence from across taxa suggests that exposure to elevated levels of glucocorticoids during early development can have long-term effects upon physiological and behavioral phenotypes. Additionally, there is some, though limited, evidence that similar early exposure can also negatively impact cognitive ability. Following pioneering mammalian studies, several avian studies have revealed that the responsiveness of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as an adult can be explained by levels of corticosterone, the avian glucocorticoid, the individual experienced as a nestling or even as an embryo via yolk exposure. Studies also suggest that perinatal exposure to corticosterone can have effects upon avian ‘personalities’ or coping styles, and findings from mammalian studies suggest that these long-term effects are mediated epigenetically via altered expression of relevant DNA sequences. Although a consistent pattern across-species has yet to emerge, recent work in Florida scrub-jays Aphelocoma coerulescens found that baseline corticosterone levels in 11-day-old nestlings explained 84% of the variation in ‘personality’ (bold vs. timid) when those individuals were tested approximately seven months later. Nestlings with elevated corticosterone levels were more timid than those individuals that as nestlings experienced relatively low corticosterone levels. Some researchers have suggested that parents might use such mechanisms to ‘program’ their offsprings’ phenotype to best fit prevailing environmental conditions. This review will visit what is known about the links between stressful developmental conditions that result in exposure to elevated corticosterone and the short- and long-term effects of this steroid hormone upon central nervous system function and whether alterations thereof are beneficial, deleterious, or neutral. It will concentrate on examples from birds, although critical supporting studies from the mammalian literature will be included as appropriate.

After the Dance is over: Some Issues and Suggestions for Follow-up Assessment in Behavior Therapy

1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1287-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Mash ◽  
Leif G. Terdal
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Therapy ◽  
Intervention Programs ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Research Recommendations ◽  
Selection Of

Behavioral intervention programs have thus far failed to provide sufficient follow-up information for the evaluation of long-term effects. This omission is believed to be related to an inadequate conceptualization of follow-up assessment, as well as to the methodological and practical difficulties inherent in assessing behavior over long time periods. A framework for follow-up assessment that is consistent with current behavioral efforts to program generalization is described and is contrasted with traditional views of follow-up that look for effects following the termination of treatment. Several methodological features of follow-up assessment are discussed, along with research recommendations, including the determination of length of appropriate follow-up intervals, the frequency of follow-up assessments, the need for standardization of measures both within and between studies, reactivity of follow-up assessment, the selection of follow-up measures and attrition of subjects.

scholarly journals Social Movements and the National Question in Quebec: The Institutional Legacy of a Cleavage

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 658-675
Author(s):  
Pascale Dufour ◽  
Jean-Vincent Bergeron-Gaudin ◽  
Luc Chicoine
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Social Protest ◽  
General Level ◽  
The Political ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
National Question ◽  
Two Sectors ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractBy taking a historical perspective on the higher education and the housing sectors in Quebec, we demonstrate how the political cleavage around the national question has had long-term effects on the dynamic of contention in these two sectors. At a general level, the presence of this cleavage has favoured the adoption of institutional arrangements related to funding that have allowed the reproduction of social protest over time. Nevertheless, the institutional arrangements vary from one sector to another: in the case of higher education, Bill 32, adopted in 1983, facilitated the division of the student movement into two branches and, to some extent, its dynamism; in the case of housing, the AccèsLogis program and the contribution au secteur, implemented in 1997, ensured the selection of claims for social housing and favoured the grouping that leads this issue. In both cases, the national question is at the heart of the process that led to the adoption of these policies.

Nonlinear Prediction of Solar Cycle 25

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (S340) ◽  
pp. 321-322
Author(s):  
Volkan Sarp ◽  
Ali Kılçık
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Sunspot Number ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Nonlinear Prediction ◽  
Cycle 24 ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Prediction Approach ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractSolar activity is a chaotic process and there are various approximations to forecast its long term and short term variations. But there is no prediction method that predicts the solar activity exactly. In this study, a nonlinear prediction approach was applied to international sunspot numbers and performance of predictions was tested for the last 5 solar cycles. These predictions are in good agreement with observed values of the tested solar cycles. According to these results, end of cycle 24 is expected at February, 2020 with 7.7 smoothed monthly mean sunspot number and maximum of cyle 25 is expected at May, 2024 with 119.6 smoothed monthly mean sunspot number.

Long-term effects of tanoak competition on Douglas-fir stand development

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy B. Harrington ◽  
John C. Tappeiner
Keyword(s):  
Woody Species ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Canopy Layer ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Lithocarpus Densiflorus ◽  
Relative Cover ◽  
Selection Of

In 1- to 2-year-old Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) plantations near Cave Junction and Glendale, Oregon, sprout clumps of tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.) and other hardwoods were removed with herbicides in April 1983 to leave relative covers of 0%, 25%, 50%, or 100% of the nontreated cover, which averaged 15%. In 1996 (Cave Junction) and 1998 (Glendale), precommercial thinning (PCT) of Douglas-fir and cutting of nonconifer woody species were operationally applied across the four densities of tanoak. In 2005, Douglas-fir in 0% relative cover of tanoak averaged 5–8 cm larger at breast height and 3–6 m taller, and had two to four times the net stand volume of those growing in 100% relative cover. From 1999 to 2005, Douglas-fir stand growth accelerated more rapidly in tanoak relative covers of 0% and 25% than in covers of 50% and 100%. Differential development of Douglas-fir and hardwoods in relative covers of 0%, 25%, and 100%, followed by selection of crop trees via PCT, resulted in three distinct stand structures: pure stands of Douglas-fir with a single canopy layer 12–16 m tall, mixed stands with overstory Douglas-fir (12 m) and midstory hardwoods (7 m), and mixed stands with a single canopy layer (8–9 m).

scholarly journals A Comparative Test on the Sensitivity of Freshwater and Marine Microalgae to Benzo-Sulfonamides, -Thiazoles and -Triazoles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 7800
Author(s):  
Luca Canova ◽  
Michela Sturini ◽  
Federica Maraschi ◽  
Stefano Sangiorgi ◽  
Elida Nora Ferri
Keyword(s):  
Phaeodactylum Tricornutum ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Unicellular Algae ◽  
Raphidocelis Subcapitata ◽  
Luminescent Bacteria ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Selection Of

The evaluation of the ecotoxicological effects of water pollutants is performed by using different aquatic organisms. The effects of seven compounds belonging to a class of widespread contaminants, the benzo-fused nitrogen heterocycles, on a group of simple organisms employed in reference ISO tests on water quality (unicellular algae and luminescent bacteria) have been assessed to ascertain their suitability in revealing different contamination levels in the water, wastewater, and sediments samples. Representative compounds of benzotriazoles, benzothiazoles, and benzenesulfonamides, were tested at a concentration ranging from 0.01 to 100 mg L−1. In particular, our work was focused on the long-term effects, for which little information is up to now available. Species-specific sensitivity for any whole family of pollutants was not observed. On average, the strongest growth rate inhibition values were expressed by the freshwater Raphidocelis subcapitata and the marine Phaeodactylum tricornutum algae. R. subcapitata was the only organism for which growth was affected by most of the compounds at the lowest concentrations. The tests on the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fisheri gave completely different results, further underlining the need for an appropriate selection of the best biosensors to be employed in biotoxicological studies.

What is the optimum solar proxy for long-term ionospheric studies?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Laštovička
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Sunspot Number ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Lyman Alpha ◽  
Yearly Average ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Long Term Studies

<p>For long-term studies as ionospheric trends investigations we have to use proxies of solar activity, because homogenous and sufficiently long data series of solar ionizing radiation are not available. Here I deal with selection of the optimum solar proxy for yearly average and monthly median values near noon (11-13 LT). Six solar proxies are used, F10.7, F30, Mg II, He II, Fα (solar H Lyman alpha flux) and R (sunspot number), foF2 from European ionosondes Juliusruh, Pruhonice and Rome, and foE from Chilton and Juliusruh over the period 1976-2019. For yearly values Mg II is the optimum proxy (but it is available only since late 1978) for foF2, with F30 being the second best. For foE the optimum proxy appears to be F10.7. For monthly medians of January, April, July and October the general pattern is the same as for yearly values.</p>

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