scholarly journals Results from Swedish oblique soundings campaigns

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Broms ◽  
B. Lundhorg
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
The Other ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Made In

In the context of the COST 238, PRIME project, two campaigns of oblique soundings with the Chirpsounder receiver at Linkoping, Sweden were made in parallel with vertical sounding campaigns. One campaign was made in June, 1992, when transmissions from Southern Spain were monitored, the other in December, 1992 when a transmitter at Chelveston, U.K, was monitored. The scaled values of F2MOF, 2-hop F2MOF and LOF give information on the variation of these parameters on short time scales and from day to day. High correlations between 2-hop F2MOF and F2MOF are found. Good agreement was found between the 2-hop MOF and MUF(1400)F2 calculated from vertical soundings at St. Peter Ording, Germany.

scholarly journals U/Th and 14C Crossdating of Parietal Calcite Deposits: Application to Nerja Cave (Andalusia, Spain) and Future Perspectives

Radiocarbon ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1955-1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Valladas ◽  
Edwige Pons-Branchu ◽  
Jean Pascal Dumoulin ◽  
Anita Quiles ◽  
José L Sanchidrián ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Post Deposition ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Age Discrepancy

Abstract14C and U/Th methods were used to date three thin carbonate layers deposited on decorated walls of Nerja Cave (Malaga, southern Spain) in order to constrain the age of the parietal non-figurative marks situated under these carbonate layers. Modern formations were also dated to estimate the detritic contribution for the U/Th method and the dead carbon proportion for 14C dating. We sampled two locations with ocher painting marks. In one case (mark 1), the good agreement between the ages obtained by the two methods suggests that the sample was not subjected to post-deposition alteration and that the results are reliable. In the other case (mark 2), the age discrepancy between the two methods reached 30,000 yr, indicating that geochemical alteration had affected the sample and that one or both results were inaccurate. The ages for mark 1 indicate that this type of non-figurative representation is older than 25,000 cal BP and that it can be associated with the oldest attested Paleolithic occupation of Nerja Cave.

scholarly journals AN INVESTIGATION OF THE DENSITY OF A VAPOR IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH A LIQUID NEAR THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

1933 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Tapp ◽  
E. W. R. Steacie ◽  
O. Maass
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Critical Phenomena ◽  
Gaseous Phase ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Outstanding Work ◽  
Considerable Doubt ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Made In

An account is given of the outstanding work done and theories developed in connection with the critical phenomena during the last century. It was because of certain observations made in this laboratory a short time ago upon reaction rates at the critical temperature that the present investigation was begun with a view to providing more definite data concerning the density of both the liquid and gas in the region of the critical point.Experimental conditions have been kept under the most rigid supervision and previous errors eliminated or evaluated. A distinctly new technique has been developed, utilizing quartz spirals, for determining the density of both the liquid and gaseous phase almost simultaneously, up to, and past, the point where the meniscus vanishes. The results have been compiled from a great many observations taken over a period of two years upon eight separate units. In general, good agreement has been obtained in all but one case, and a probable solution has been advanced for the exception. Primarily, the paper is an experimental one designed to fill an important gap in previously recorded data.Extensive theoretical deductions have been purposely omitted because of the radical nature of the findings; and it would be necessary to proceed further with the work before anything really definite might be concluded. Briefly, it might be stated that the results cast considerable doubt upon Van der Waals' classical theory of the continuity of state.

scholarly journals II. On the relation of form and dimensions to weight of material in the construction of iron-clad ships

1868 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 306-310
Keyword(s):  
Great Degree ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Theoretical Question ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Naval Architect ◽  
Made In

The object of the Paper is to show that the proportion of length to breadth in a ship, and the form of her water-lines, should be made in a very great degree dependent upon the weight of the material of which her hull is to be constructed—that an armour-plated ship, for example, should be made of very different proportions and form from those of a ship without armour, and that as the extent and thickness of the armour to be carried by a ship are increased the proportions of length to breadth should be diminished, and the water-lines increased in fulness. It is highly desirable that this subject should receive the attention of men of science, not only because it bears most directly upon both the cost and the efficiency of future iron-clad fleets, but also because it opens up a theoretical question which has hitherto, I believe, received absolutely no consideration from scientific writers upon the forms and resistances of ships, viz. the manner in which the weight of the material composing the hull should influence the form. Prior to the design of the ‘Bellerophon,' the forms of ships were determined in complete disregard of this consideration; and even the most recent works upon the subject incite the naval architect to aim always at approaching the form of least resistance. The investigations given in the Paper show, however, that the adoption of a form of least resistance, or of small comparative resistance, may, in fact, lead to a lavish outlay upon our ships, and to a great sacrifice of efficiency; while, on the other hand, the adoption of a form of greater resistance would contribute in certain classes of ships to greater economy and to superior efficiency.

Fair enumeration combinators

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAX S. NEW ◽  
BURKE FETSCHER ◽  
ROBERT BRUCE FINDLER ◽  
JAY MCCARTHY
Keyword(s):  
Programming Language ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The Other ◽  
Language Models ◽  
Natural Numbers ◽  
Random Generator ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Better Than

AbstractEnumerations represented as bijections between the natural numbers and elements of some given type have recently garnered interest in property-based testing because of their efficiency and flexibility. There are, however, many ways of defining these bijections, some of which are better than others. This paper offers a new property of enumeration combinators called fairness that identifies enumeration combinators that are better suited to property-based testing. Intuitively, the result of a fair combinator indexes into its argument enumerations equally when constructing its result. For example, extracting the nth element from our enumeration of three-tuples indexes about $\sqrt[3]{n}$ elements into each of its components instead of, say, indexing $\sqrt[2]{n}$ into one and $\sqrt[4]{n}$ into the other two, as you would if a three-tuple were built out of nested pairs. Similarly, extracting the nth element from our enumeration of a three-way union returns an element that is $\frac{n}{3}$ into one of the argument enumerators. The paper presents a semantics of enumeration combinators, a theory of fairness, proofs establishing fairness of our new combinators and that some combinations of fair combinators are not fair. We also report on an evaluation of fairness for the purpose of finding bugs in programming-language models. We show that fair enumeration combinators have complementary strengths to an existing, well-tuned ad hoc random generator (better on short time scales and worse on long time scales) and that using unfair combinators is worse across the board.

Air Reconnaissance in Northern France

Antiquity ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 36 (144) ◽  
pp. 279-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. St Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
The Other ◽  
Productive Area ◽  
South East England ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Housing Estates ◽  
Made In ◽  
Different Soils

During the last two decades discoveries of buried features of archaeological and historical interest have been widespread in south-east England, on many different soils supporting varying vegetation, the gravel terraces of the principal rivers and the chalk country yielding most information. Not the least productive area is the Isle of Thanet, where such ground as is free from the spreading housing estates of coastal resorts displays, for example, groups of ring-ditches of Bronze Age barrows, enclosures of the Iron Age, Roman villae, and even practice-trenches of the 1914-18 war. If discoveries of such variety and number could be made in Thanet, what of the other side of the Channel, where extensive tracts of chalk country are crossed by valleys with wide plains of alluvial gravel? Occasional discoveries made by members of French flying-clubs, for example, by M. Roger Agache in the Somme valley, had by 1961 shown that ‘crop-marks’ were to be seen; indeed it would be very surprising if they were not.But to undertake abroad a programme of air photography involving widely ranging flights, planned for research, is not quite so simple a matter as in Britain. Maintenance requirements appropriate to aircraft operating abroad impose limitations on the work, while above all there is need to obtain permission for such photography from the responsible authorities. It was largely owing to the continued support of M. Seyrig and Professor Will that such permission was granted at all, and grateful thanks are due to them, to the Direction de l’Architecture of the French Ministry of State, under whose auspices the work was carried out, and to the British Academy, which made a grant towards the cost of the operation.

“Grasp without Hands”

1981 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-171
Author(s):  
Thelma M. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Therapy ◽  
Hand Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Made In

The purpose of this article is to describe how a mouthforceps was constructed from a picture only; this device was originally made in Denmark for a CP victim. The challenge to make the device, the mouthforceps, began when a C5 quadriplegic patient was referred to occupational therapy for an aid to help replace his lost hand function. This article describes the method of construction, the cost, and the use of the device. This article also compares two mouthforceps (one with a chrome, the other with a plastic mouthpiece) for their limitation in use, durability and cost.

scholarly journals Learning compositional sequences with multiple time scales through a hierarchical network of spiking neurons

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. e1008866
Author(s):  
Amadeus Maes ◽  
Mauricio Barahona ◽  
Claudia Clopath
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Spiking Neurons ◽  
Multiple Time Scales ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Multiple Sequences ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Temporal Learning

Sequential behaviour is often compositional and organised across multiple time scales: a set of individual elements developing on short time scales (motifs) are combined to form longer functional sequences (syntax). Such organisation leads to a natural hierarchy that can be used advantageously for learning, since the motifs and the syntax can be acquired independently. Despite mounting experimental evidence for hierarchical structures in neuroscience, models for temporal learning based on neuronal networks have mostly focused on serial methods. Here, we introduce a network model of spiking neurons with a hierarchical organisation aimed at sequence learning on multiple time scales. Using biophysically motivated neuron dynamics and local plasticity rules, the model can learn motifs and syntax independently. Furthermore, the model can relearn sequences efficiently and store multiple sequences. Compared to serial learning, the hierarchical model displays faster learning, more flexible relearning, increased capacity, and higher robustness to perturbations. The hierarchical model redistributes the variability: it achieves high motif fidelity at the cost of higher variability in the between-motif timings.

scholarly journals Learning compositional sequences with multiple time scales through a hierarchical network of spiking neurons

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amadeus Maes ◽  
Mauricio Barahona ◽  
Claudia Clopath
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Spiking Neurons ◽  
Multiple Time Scales ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Multiple Sequences ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Temporal Learning

ABSTRACTSequential behaviour is often compositional and organised across multiple time scales: a set of individual elements developing on short time scales (motifs) are combined to form longer functional sequences (syntax). Such organisation leads to a natural hierarchy that can be used advantageously for learning, since the motifs and the syntax can be acquired independently. Despite mounting experimental evidence for hierarchical structures in neuroscience, models for temporal learning based on neuronal networks have mostly focused on serial methods. Here, we introduce a network model of spiking neurons with a hierarchical organisation aimed at sequence learning on multiple time scales. Using biophysically motivated neuron dynamics and local plasticity rules, the model can learn motifs and syntax independently. Furthermore, the model can relearn sequences efficiently and store multiple sequences. Compared to serial learning, the hierarchical model displays faster learning, more flexible relearning, increased capacity, and higher robustness to perturbations. The hierarchical model redistributes the variability: it achieves high motif fidelity at the cost of higher variability in the between-motif timings.

On the Future of the Financial Redistribution across Member States in the EU

2006 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-43
Author(s):  
Sándor Richter
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Member States ◽  
New Member States ◽  
Financial Position ◽  
Cross Member ◽  
Expenditure Structure ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Made In

The order and modalities of cross-member state redistribution as well as the net financial position of the member states are one of the most widely discussed aspects of European integration. The paper addresses selected issues in the current debate on the EU budget for the period 2007 to 2013 and introduces four scenarios. The first is identical to the European Commission's proposal; the second is based on reducing the budget to 1% of the EU's GNI, as proposed by the six net-payer countries, while maintaining the expenditure structure of the Commission's proposal. The next two scenarios represent radical reforms: one of them also features a '1% EU GNI'; however, the expenditures for providing 'EU-wide value-added' are left unchanged and it is envisaged that the requisite cuts will be made in the expenditures earmarked for cohesion. The other reform scenario is different from the former one in that the cohesion-related expenditures are left unchanged and the expenditures for providing 'EU-wide value-added' are reduced. After the comparison of the various scenarios, the allocation of transfers to the new member states in terms of the conditions prevailing in the different scenarios is analysed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document