scholarly journals Large seismic faults in the Hellenic arc

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Papazachos
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Benioff Zone ◽  
Fault Plane Solutions ◽  
Intermediate Depth ◽  
Hellenic Arc ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Concave Part

Using information concerning reliable fault plane solutions, spatial distribution of strong earthquakes (Ms³ 6.0) as well as sea bottom and coastal topography, properties of the seismic faults (orientation, dimension, type of faulting) were determined in seven shallow (h < 40 km) seismogenic regions along the convex part of thc Hellenic arc (Hellenic trench) and in four seismogenic regions of intermediate depth earthquakes (h = 40-100 km) along the concave part of this arc. Except for the northwesternmost part of the Hellenic trench, where the strike-slip Cephalonia transform fault dominates, all other faults along this trench are low angle thrust faults. III thc western part of the trench (Zante-west Crete) faults strike NW-SE and dip NE, while in its eastern part (east Crete-Rhodos) faults strike WNW-ESE and dip NNE. Such system of faulting can be attributed to an overthrust of the Aegean lithosphere on the eastern Mediterranean lithosphere. The longest of these faults (L = 300 km) is that which produced the largest known shallow earthquake in the Mediterranean area (21 July 365, Ms = 8.3) which is located near the southwestern coast of Crete. The second longest such fault (L = l 70 km) is that which produced a large earthquake (December 1303, Ms = 8.0) in the easternmost part of the trench (east of Rhodos island). Both earthquakes were associated with gigantic tsunamis which caused extensive damage in the coast of many Eastern Mediterranean countries. Seismic faults of the intermediate depth earthquakes in the shallow part of the Benioff zone (h = 40- 100 km) are of strike-slip type, with a thrust component. The orientations of these faults vary along the concave part of the arc in accordance with a subduction of remnants of all old lithospheric slab from the convex side (Mediterranean) to the concave side (Aegean) of thc Hellenic arc. The longest of these faults (L = 220 km) is that which produced the largest known intermediate depth earthquake in the whole Mediterranean area (12 October 1856, M = 8.2) north of Crete. The second longest such fault (L = 160 km) produced a large earthquake (26 June 1926, M = 8.0) in the easternmost part of the concave part of the arc (near Rhodos). Both earthquakes caused very serious damage in several Eastern Mediterranean countries but were not associated with tsunamis.

scholarly journals A Comparison Study on Traditional Mixtures of Herbal Teas Used in Eastern Mediterranean Area

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concepción Obón ◽  
Diego Rivera ◽  
Elena Fonollá ◽  
Francisco Alcaraz ◽  
Latifa Attieh
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Herbal Mixtures

Multipurpose herbal teas with numerous ingredients, in which flowers are the main component, are common in the traditional medicine and pharmacy of Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean countries. In this study, we combine ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology field work techniques and botany and pharmacognosy laboratory methods for the study of traditional herbal mixtures with flowers, we identify their botanical ingredients and record the local medicinal uses of these mixtures, in Greece, Lebanon, Syria, Iran and Turkey. These, and their industrial versions, are analyzed, using morphological and multivariate analysis techniques in order to determine marker species, relevant patterns of combination and local styles. The medicinal properties attributed to the different flowers are discussed in relation with their role in the mixtures. These blends are consumed for their relaxing, digestive, and anti-infective properties. These mixtures are not consumed as a treatment when one is sick but rather to avoid getting sick, as a preventive measure. The formulations can reach forty ingredients (sarantha in Greek, arbain in Arabic language of Palestine), usually entire or coarsely chopped in the more traditional formulations, leading to extreme variability of individual doses. We ask what biological signification this randomness can have. To give an answer requires new and more comprehensive pharmacological approaches. The flowers of Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae and Fabaceae species characterize these mixtures in which other materials (roots, leaves, and fruits) and other species are present as well. Flowers of some species, particularly of Fabaceae, are exclusively used in mixtures, and their use in monospecific herbal teas is not yet recorded. We draw attention on the urgent need in exhaustively recording in Greece and the Near East, the formulation and use of traditional herbal mixtures and their numerous local variants. To consider these mixtures and the contribution of flowers (most mixtures receive the general name of tea of flowers) merits further extensive study.

The role of the remarkable Seram-Kumawa strike-slip fault in the tectonic process of the northern Banda Arc system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Yang ◽  
Satish C. Singh ◽  
Ian Deighton
Keyword(s):  
Subduction Zones ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Active Tectonics ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Strike Slip Fault ◽  
Benioff Zone ◽  
Accretionary Wedge ◽  
Geophysical Research ◽  
Fault Plane Solutions ◽  
Banda Arc

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Banda Arc system is sited in a junction of &lt;/span&gt;convergence between the Eurasian, Indo-Australian, Philippine and Pacific plates&lt;span&gt;. It &lt;/span&gt;has a remarkable 180&amp;#176; curve in the Benioff zone&lt;span&gt;. Two fundamental ideas have been invoked to explain this significant subduction-arc orientation change: (1) bent subduction zone around the Banda Sea (Hamilton, 1979; Spakman and Hall, 2010; Hall, 2012)&lt;/span&gt;, or (2) oppositely dipping subduction zones (Cardwell and Isacks, 1978; McCaffrey, 1989), b&lt;span&gt;ut no general agreement exists as to the cause of this curvature. However, a WNW-trending strike-slip fault, i.e. Seram-Kumawa fault, is observed at the north-eastern end of the Arc, cutting through the Seram accretionary wedge, prism and trench and seems to continue on the subducting plate (Hall et al., 2017). This fault is either inactive or locked temporarily at the present day, because there are very few strike-slip events along its trend while there are many thrust earthquakes on its north and northwest side. A few essential questions remain unanswered about this fault in relation to the evolution of the Banda Arc. For instance, what is the origin of this fault, what role does it play in the tectonic processes and large earthquakes along the Banda Arc. Could this fault eventually break-up the Banda Arc? What is its tectonic implication on the evolution of other highly curved subduction-arc systems? To address these questions, we will carry out a comprehensive investigation into active tectonics and seismicity occurrence along the northeast Banda Arc using high-resolution bathymetry, 2D marine seismic profiles and earthquake data. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reference:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Cardwell, R.K. and Isacks, B.L., 1978. Geometry of the subducted lithosphere beneath the Banda Sea in eastern Indonesia from seismicity and fault plane solutions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 83(B6): 2825-2838.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Hall, R., 2012. Late Jurassic&amp;#8211;Cenozoic reconstructions of the Indonesian region and the Indian Ocean. Tectonophysics, 570: 1-41.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Hall, R., Patria, A., Adhitama, R., Pownall, J.M. and White, L.T., 2017. Seram, the Seram Trough, the Aru Trough, the Tanimbar Trough and the Weber Deep: A new look at major structures in the eastern Banda Arc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Hamilton, W.B., 1979. Tectonics of the Indonesian region. US Govt. Print. Off.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;McCaffrey, R., 1989. Seismological constraints and speculations on Banda Arc tectonics. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 24(2-3): 141-152.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Spakman, W. and Hall, R., 2010. Surface deformation and slab&amp;#8211;mantle interaction during Banda arc subduction rollback. Nature Geoscience, 3(8): 562.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

The 25 October, 2018 Zakynthos (Greece) earthquake: seismic activity at the transition between a transform fault and a subduction zone.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Papadimitriou ◽  
V Kapetanidis ◽  
A Karakonstantis ◽  
I Spingos ◽  
K Pavlou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Accretionary Prism ◽  
Velocity Model ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Double Difference ◽  
Strain Partitioning ◽  
Transform Fault ◽  
Fault Plane Solutions ◽  
The North ◽  
Waveform Modelling

Summary The properties of the Mw = 6.7 earthquake that took place on 25 October 2018, 22:54:51 UTC, ∼50 km SW of the Zakynthos Island, Greece, are thoroughly examined. The main rupture occurred on a dextral strike-slip, low-angle, east-dipping fault at a depth of 12 km, as determined by teleseismic waveform modelling. Over 4000 aftershocks were manually analysed for a period of 158 days. The events were initially located with an optimal 1D velocity model and then relocated with the double-difference method to reveal details of their spatial distribution. The latter spreads in an area spanning 80 km NNW-SSE and ∼55 km WSW-ENE. Certain parts of the aftershock zone present strong spatial clustering, mainly to the north, close to Zakynthos Island, and at the southernmost edge of the sequence. Focal mechanisms were determined for 61 significant aftershocks using regional waveform modelling. The results revealed characteristics similar to the mainshock, with few aftershocks exhibiting strike-slip faulting at steeper dip angles, possibly related to splay faults on the accretionary prism. The slip vectors that correspond to the east-dipping planes are compatible with the long-term plate convergence and with the direction of coseismic displacement on the Zakynthos Island. Fault-plane solutions in the broader study area were inverted for the determination of the regional stress-field. The results revealed a nearly horizontal, SW-NE to E-W-trending S1 and a more variable S3 axis, favouring transpressional tectonics. Spatial clusters at the northern and southern ends of the aftershock zone coincide with the SW extension of sub-vertical along-dip faults of the segmented subducting slab. The mainshock occurred in an area where strike-slip tectonics, related to the Cephalonia Transform Fault and the NW Peloponnese region, gradually converts into reverse faulting at the western edge of the Hellenic subduction. Plausible scenarios for the 2018 Zakynthos earthquake sequence include a rupture on the subduction interface, provided the slab is tilted eastwards in that area, or the reactivation of an older east-dipping thrust as a low-angle strike-slip fault that contributes to strain partitioning.

scholarly journals Comparative assessment of genetic diversity in wild and primitive cultivated barley in a center of diversity.

Genetics ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 981-990
Author(s):  
S Jana ◽  
L N Pietrzak
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Hordeum Spontaneum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Isozyme Loci ◽  
Cultivated Barley ◽  
Multilocus Associations ◽  
High Degree

Abstract Wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum K.) and indigenous primitive varieties of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), collected from 43 locations in four eastern Mediterranean countries, Jordan, Syria, Turkey and Greece, were electrophoretically assayed for genetic diversity at 16 isozyme loci. Contrary to a common impression, cultivated barley populations were found to maintain a level of diversity similar to that in its wild progenitor species. Apportionment of overall diversity in the region showed that in cultivated barley within-populations diversity was of higher magnitude than the between-populations component. Neighboring populations of wild and cultivated barleys showed high degree of genetic identity. Groups of 3 or 4 isozyme loci were analyzed to detect associations among loci. Multilocus associations of varying order were detected for all three groups chosen for the analysis. Some of the association terms differed between the two species in the region. Although there was no clear evidence for decrease in diversity attributable to the domestication of barley in the region, there was an indication of different multilocus organizations in the two closely related species.

scholarly journals A prospective study of eating away-from-home meals and weight gain in a Mediterranean population: the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) cohort

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1356-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maira Bes-Rastrollo ◽  
Francisco Javier Basterra-Gortari ◽  
Almudena Sánchez-Villegas ◽  
Amelia Marti ◽  
José Alfredo Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Mediterranean Population ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Adjusted Risk ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Eating Out

AbstractObjectiveThe traditional Mediterranean food pattern is more easily preserved when meals are eaten at home; however, as a result of recent socio-economic changes, away-from-home meal consumption has increased rapidly in Mediterranean countries. Little research has been conducted so far to investigate the long-term health effects of these changes in the Mediterranean area.DesignIn a prospective Spanish dynamic cohort of 9182 university graduates (the SUN Study; Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra Follow-up) with a mean age of 37 years, followed up for an average of 4·4 years, we assessed the association between the frequency of eating out of home and weight gain or incident overweight/obesity. Dietary habits were assessed with an FFQ previously validated in Spain.ResultsDuring follow-up, eating-out consumers (two times or more per week) had higher average adjusted weight gain (+129 g/year, P < 0·001) and higher adjusted risk of gaining 2 kg or more per year (OR = 1·36; 95 % CI 1·13, 1·63) than non-eating-out consumers. Among participants with baseline BMI < 25 kg/m2, we observed 855 new cases of overweight/obesity. Eating away-from-home meals was significantly associated with a higher risk of becoming overweight/obese (hazard ratio = 1·33; 95 % CI 1·13, 1·57).ConclusionsA higher frequency of meals eaten out of home may play a role in the current obesity epidemic observed in some Mediterranean countries.

Ticks (Ixodoidea) on migrating birds in Cyprus, fall 1967 and spring 1968, and epidemiological considerations

1974 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makram N. Kaiser ◽  
Harry Hoogstraal ◽  
George E. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Boutonneuse Fever ◽  
Ixodes Frontalis ◽  
Haemaphysalis Concinna ◽  
Migrating Birds

AbstractMore or less cursory examination of migrating birds in Cyprus revealed 115 of 2580 southward (fall) migrants and 177 of 22015 northward (spring) migrants to be infested by 167 and 797 ticks, respectively. Most ticks on fall migrants were Hyalomma marginatum marginatum Koch; others were Ixodes frontalis (Panz.), I. ricinus (L.), Haemaphysalis concinna Koch, and H. punctata C. & F., all representative of the Eurasian fauna. Most ticks on spring migrants were H. m. rufipes Koch; others were Amblyomma lepidum Dön., A. nuttalli Dön., and A. variegatum (F.), representative of sub-Saharan Africa, and Argas streptopelia Kaiser, Hoogst. & Horner, Ixodes eldaricus Dzhaparidze, and I. redikorzevi Olen. which probably attached to the hosts in the eastern Mediterranean area. In Africa and Eurasia, 16 arboviruses have been recorded from eight of these tick species, and also the agents of boutonneuse fever, Siberian tick typhus, Q fever, and tularaemia. The epidemiological potential of migrating birds is enhanced by the multiplicity of pathogens that may infect them and the biological diversity of ticks that may infest them. The remarkably wide distribution of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Africa and Eurasia is likely to be due to intercontinental carriage of the virus and ticks by migrating birds.

scholarly journals Own-price and cross-price elasticities of demand for cigarettes and waterpipe tobacco in three Eastern Mediterranean countries: a volumetric choice experiment

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056616
Author(s):  
Ali Chalak ◽  
Rima Nakkash ◽  
Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh ◽  
Yousef S Khader ◽  
Mohammed Jawad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Demand Elasticity ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Price Elasticities ◽  
Mediterranean Countries

BackgroundWaterpipe tobacco smoking rates in the Eastern Mediterranean region are among the highest worldwide, yet little evidence exists on its economics. Estimates of demand elasticities for tobacco products are largely limited to cigarettes. This study aimed to estimate own-price and cross-price elasticities of demand for cigarettes and waterpipe tobacco products in Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine.MethodsA volumetric choice experiment was conducted using nationally representative household surveys. The choice experiment elicited respondents’ stated purchases of eight cigarette and waterpipe tobacco product varieties by hypothetically varying prices. Data were analysed using zero-inflated Poisson models that yielded demand elasticity estimates of cigarette and waterpipe tobacco consumption.ResultsThe study included 1680 participants in Lebanon (50% female), 1925 in Jordan (44.6% female) and 1679 in Palestine (50% female). We found the demand for premium cigarettes to be price elastic (range, −1.0 to −1.2) across all three countries, whereas the demand for discount cigarettes was less elastic than premium cigarettes in Lebanon (−0.6) and Jordan (−0.7) and more elastic in Palestine (−1.2). The demand for premium waterpipe tobacco was highly elastic in Lebanon (−1.9), moderately elastic in Jordan (−0.6) and inelastic in Palestine (0.2). The cross-price elasticity between cigarettes and waterpipe tobacco was near zero, suggesting that the two products are not considered to be close substitutes by consumers.ConclusionsThese results serve as a strong evidence base for developing and implementing fiscal policies for tobacco control in the Eastern Mediterranean region that address cigarettes and waterpipe tobacco products.

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