scholarly journals Sanctions on digital platforms: beyond the public-private divide

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-281
Author(s):  
Enguerrand Marique ◽  
Yseult Marique
Keyword(s):  
Physical World ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
The Public ◽  
Digital Space ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Private Actors ◽  
Domestic Law

Against a background of extensive literature examining how digital platforms are regulated through ‘soft’ mechanisms, this paper analyses the ‘hard law’ techniques, such as sanctions, which are also very much used on digital platforms to police undesirable behaviours. It illustrates the use of these sanctions, suggesting that it is possible to find three different categories of sanctions: sanctions that find their source in hard (international and domestic) law, sanctions that find their source in digital platforms' own normative production, and sanctions used in the course of disputes. Platform operators can have an intense power of norm-setting and sanctions, with a tendency to concentrate power within themselves or with unclear arrangements for dividing it across different entities. This can deeply affect individual freedoms. This paper suggests that the ways in which the power to set, decide and enforce sanctions is exercised in the digital space transform the public–private divide: the allocation of roles between sovereign public bodies and free private actors is reshaped to become ‘hybrid’ when it comes to enforcing rules and monitoring compliance through a wide range of sanctions on digital platforms. This paper frames the legitimacy questions arising from sanctions and suggests that the public–private divide may have to be bridged in order to locate a possible source of legitimacy. A future framework for assessing how platform operators set norms and ensure compliance through sanctions needs to start from individual users to see how best to protect their freedom when checks and balances around platforms' powers and sanctions are developed. These individual users are the ones who suffer from the economic, social and reputational consequences of sanctions in both the digital world and the physical world.

scholarly journals Traditional Ulama', Islamic Traditions, and Ngaji Pasanan within the Networked Society

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-304
Author(s):  
Mohamad Sobirin
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Live Streaming ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
The Public ◽  
Digital Space ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Digital Information Technology

In Ramadan, kiai in various pondok pesantren (Indonesian Islamic Boarding Schools) conduct lecturing activities known as "Ngaji Pasanan". This tradition has been going on for a long time ago till today. However, since 2017 up to now, it has been seen to be held by taking advantage of digital information technology through live streaming via Facebook, YouTube or other media platforms. In 2020, online “Ngaji Pasanan” has become a trend nationwide. This study aims to reveal the context of the online “Ngaji Pasanan phenomenon, which is carried out by the ulama' in pondok pesantren, by taking two samples, namely K.H. Mustofa Bisri and K.H. Said Aqil Siradj. Data collection and analysis used a netnographic approach. This study found that: First, Ngaji Pasanan of the two traditional Ulama' who used digital media were actually conducted offline, but were mediated by the internet and broadcast online. Second, through the online “Ngaji Pasanan”, the two traditional Ulama' not only convey the teachings in the kitab kuning but also contextualize them into socio-religious issues within the digital world, beside they also produce religious discourses and actual nationalities that are being debated by the public, whether in the online or offline context. Third, the presence of traditional Ulama' in the digital space, on the other hand, has been used by netizens to support their opinions by framing their positions on controversial religious and political issues. Fourth, the presence of traditional ulama' in the digital space is more driven by their insistence on addressing the flow of religious and national discourse in the digital space compared to their affirmation of the use of digital technology to carry out the academic tradition of pondok pesantren in Ramadan, namely "Ngaji Pasanan".

scholarly journals Overcoming the Pandemic through Viral Poetry Games: The Phenomenon of Coronavirus-Inspired Digital Acrostic Poetry in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-71
Author(s):  
Christina Han
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Political Campaigns ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Social Media Platforms

Following the outbreak of COVID-19 in South Korea in winter 2019, acrostic poems on the three-syllable word “Corona” became viral on major search engines and social media platforms across the country. The composition of acrostic poems, particularly in three lines, has been a popular cultural phenomenon in Korea since the 1980s when it became a participatory literary exercise and game featured on television entertainment shows. The digital revolution in the 2000s allowed the writing and sharing of these short and whimsical poems to expand into various digital platforms. Since 2010, PC and mobile games have been developed to further enhance the ludic approach to acrostic poetry composition and contests. While facilitating individual creativity, and as an interactive and ludic way of community building and branding, acrostic poetry contests have also been used to promote social and political campaigns and consumer products. This paper will investigate poetry games and contests of acrostic poems on the Coronavirus featured on South Korean digital platforms. It will analyze the various games and contests organized by schools, communities, consumer product brands, and social media circles. The poems, composed by children and adults, display a wide range of messages involving self-reflection, social campaign, political criticism, and subversive wordplay. Together, these viral poems and contests promoted values of collaboration, competition, and social exchange during the pandemic. All in all, the paper explores the viral powers of language and language art in the digital world, as well as digital poetry’s connections to networked self, social mobilization, and online activism.

Broader Implications

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Environmental Regulations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Policy Convergence ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores some of the broader implications of studying the dynamics of policy convergence and divergence, the relationship between political institutions and policy styles, and the public perception of risks. The extensive literature on policy convergence addresses two issues: the extent of policy convergence and direction of policy convergence. A second body of literature addresses the impact of convergence on the direction of public policy. Much of this literature focuses on the impact of increased economic integration and global competition on the stringency of environmental regulation. The fact that both the United States and the EU have adopted a wide range of comprehensive consumer and environmental regulations suggests that powerful political and economic states enjoy substantial discretion in responding to domestic pressures for more stringent consumer and environmental regulations.

scholarly journals Digital storytelling and micro-narratives — new forms of rep­re­sen­tation of personal experience and collective creativity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
A. A. Lisenkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
The Public ◽  
Digital Space ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Collective Creativity ◽  
New Information ◽  
Information Streams ◽  
The Impact

The article analyses the impact of digital technologies on storytelling. By creating new information streams of personalised stories with open storylines in the virtual media envi­ronment, the author shares the process of writing a story with other participants in the digital world. The interaction between the author and the audience is transformed under the influ­ence of the hypertext system of cross-references. Each participant in this creative process acts not only as a co-creator, but also as a co-author of many narratives. The narratives, which translate personalized evaluative and often pseudo-expert opinions into the public space, are becoming increasingly emotional to the detriment of the content. Constantly increasing the information flow and immersing its participants in the interactive world of emotional collec­tive meta-narratives composed of fragments of individual stories, the users build a single digi­tal content. By labelling their stories, they relate them to large thematic clusters of homogene­ous information, including their individual experiences in a single space of collective story­telling. Participating in the process of constant co-creation, users construct their own virtual world, filling it with micro-narrative stories of collective creativity, subsequently living inde­pendently in the digital space. The artificially created virtual information environment is constantly multiplying due to the reproduction of hypertextual stories by all participants of storytelling and, as a result, it begins to reproduce itself.

scholarly journals Augmented Reality Implementations in Stomatology

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 2929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleš Procházka ◽  
Tatjana Dostálová ◽  
Magdaléna Kašparová ◽  
Oldřich Vyšata ◽  
Hana Charvátová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Plaster Cast ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Dental Arch ◽  
Morphological Operations ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plaster Casts

Augmented reality has a wide range of applications in many areas that can extend the study of real objects into the digital world, including stomatology. Real dental objects that were previously examined using their plaster casts are often replaced by their digital models or three-dimensional (3D) prints in the cyber-physical world. This paper reviews a selection of digital methods that have been applied in dentistry, including the use of intra-oral scanning technology for data acquisition and evaluation of fundamental features of dental arches. The methodology includes the use of digital filters and morphological operations for spatial objects analysis, their registration, and evaluation of changes during the treatment of specific disorders. The results include 3D models of selected dental arch objects, which allow a comparison of their shape and position during repeated observations. The proposed methods present digital alternatives to the use of plaster casts for semiautomatic evaluation of dental arch measures. This paper describes some of the advantages of 3D digital technology replacing real world elements and plaster cast dental models in many areas of classical stomatology.

scholarly journals The Role of the Internet in International Law-Making, Implementation and Global Governance

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 677-700
Author(s):  
Annalisa Ciampi
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Public ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Law Making

This paper delves into influence of the internet on international law and global governance, a phenomenon that increased incrementally over the last decade before the COVID-19 emergency precipitated it. It posits that the digital world birthed whole new 'territories' where the practice of states and other actors is recorded and displayed, but it also exists independently from the physical realm. With respect to law-making, the internet acts as both a sounding board for, and an originator of, international practice. New technologies and social networks have also certainly increased the availability of information to governments and the public regarding violations of international norms. Yet, they have created a new – online – environment in which internationally wrongful acts can be committed. This further qualifies, yet does not make less significant, the relevance of the internet for the implementation of international law. The paper further submits that technological power has become a fundamental force of leverage in global governance, akin to economic, military, and political might for states and a wide range of non-state actors alike. Big Tech companies and other corporations but also civil society, social and political groups, and individuals are all potential stakeholders participating formally and informally (or to be included) in the sharing of power. Notwithstanding the difficulty to articulate a concept that comprehensively rationalises the impact of the internet on the processes and structures of international law and governance, the paper highlights a gap between the theory and practice of international law and offers a contribution in this direction.

Emerging Cyber-Physical Systems : An Overview

2018 ◽  
pp. 306-316
Author(s):  
Okolie S.O. ◽  
Kuyoro S.O. ◽  
Ohwo O. B
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Economic Benefit ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
Cyber Physical System ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Strategic Research ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Wide Range

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) will revolutionize how humans relate with the physical world around us. Many grand challenges await the economically vital domains of transportation, health-care, manufacturing, agriculture, energy, defence, aerospace and buildings. Exploration of these potentialities around space and time would create applications which would affect societal and economic benefit. This paper looks into the concept of emerging Cyber-Physical system, applications and security issues in sustaining development in various economic sectors; outlining a set of strategic Research and Development opportunities that should be accosted, so as to allow upgraded CPS to attain their potential and provide a wide range of societal advantages in the future.

On Waxen Wings: Challenges to the Public Sphere in the Network Age

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Francoeur
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Public ◽  
Digital Space ◽  
Multiple Viewpoints ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Communicative Space

There is a tendency, particularly among Western pundits and technologists, to examine the Internet in almost universally positive terms; this is most evident in any discussion of the medium’s capacity for democratization. While the Internet has produced many great things for society in terms of cultural and economic production, some consideration must be given to the implications that such a revolutionary medium holds for the public sphere. By creating a communicative space that essentially grants everyone his or her own microphone, the Internet is fragmenting public discourse due to the proliferation of opinions and messages and the removal of traditional gatekeepers of information. More significantly, because of the structural qualities of the Internet, users no longer have to expose themselves to opinions and viewpoints that fall outside their own preconceived notions. This limits the robustness of the public sphere by limiting the healthy debate that can only occur when exposed to multiple viewpoints. Ultimately, the Internet is not going anywhere, so it is important to equip the public with the tools and knowledge to be able to navigate the digital space. 

Unified approach to spatial description of objects terrain departmental registries / cadastres as a perspective basis of the state system territory mapping

2019 ◽  
Vol 942 (12) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
A.M. Portnov
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Spatial Description ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
Technological Basis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Map Data ◽  
Consistency Verification ◽  
Thematic Data

Using unified principles of formation and maintenance of register/cadaster with information about spatial data of landscape objects as the informational and technological basis for updating the public topographic maps and modernization of state cartographic system is proposed. The problems of informational relevancy of unified electronical cartographic basis and capacity of its renovation in case of public cadaster map data. The need to modernize the system of classification and coding of cartographic information, the use of unified standards for the coordinate description of register objects for their topological consistency, verification and updating is emphasized. Implementing such solutions is determined by economical expediency as well as necessity of providing a variety of real thematic data for wide range of consumers in the field of urban planning, territories development and completing the tasks of Governmental program “Digital economy of the Russian Federation”.

Dangerous Liaisons

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Sajó ◽  
Renáta Uitz
Keyword(s):  
Executive Branch ◽  
Individual Liberty ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Functional Distribution ◽  
Governmental Functions ◽  
Private Actors ◽  
Divided Powers

This chapter examines the idea of separating distinct governmental functions into at least three branches (horizontal separation) as a means to safeguard individual liberty. The three branches of government have different functions: the legislature legislates, the executive branch executes the laws, and the judiciary administers justice. This corresponds to the functional distribution of essential governmental tasks and competences. The chapter explores how governments based on separated (or at least divided) powers work, in a perpetual balancing exercise as a result of the operation of checks and balances. Finally, it discusses independent agencies that are now routinely added to the old constitutional mix of powers and the problem of outsourcing public powers to private actors.

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