Inequality of educational returns in France: changes in the effect of education and social background on occupational careers

2016 ◽  
pp. 20-33
Author(s):  
Milan Bouchet-Valat
Keyword(s):  
Social Background

The Social Origins and Provenance of the English Bishops during the Reign of Edward II

1959 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 51-79
Author(s):  
K. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Early Career ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Edward Ii ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complete Study ◽  
History Of

During the last twenty or twenty-five years medieval historians have been much interested in the composition of the English episcopate. A number of studies of it have been published on periods ranging from the eleventh to the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. A further paper might well seem superfluous. My reason for offering one is that most previous writers have concentrated on analysing the professional circles from which the bishops were drawn, and suggesting the influences which their early careers as royal clerks, university masters and students, secular or regular clergy, may have had on their later work as bishops. They have shown comparatively little interest in their social background and provenance, except for those bishops who belonged to magnate families. Some years ago, when working on the political activities of Edward II's bishops, it seemed to me that social origins, family connexions and provenance might in a number of cases have had at least as much influence on a bishop's attitude to politics as his early career. I there fore collected information about the origins and provenance of these bishops. I now think that a rather more careful and complete study of this subject might throw further light not only on the political history of the reign, but on other problems connected with the character and work of the English episcopate. There is a general impression that in England in the later middle ages the bishops' ties with their dioceses were becoming less close, and that they were normally spending less time in diocesan work than their predecessors in the thirteenth century.

Childhood Intelligence Predicts Adult Trait Openness

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Furnham ◽  
Helen Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Data Set ◽  
National Child Development Study ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Uk

Abstract. This study used a longitudinal data set of 5,672 adults followed for 50 years to determine the factors that influence adult trait Openness-to-Experience. In a large, nationally representative sample in the UK (the National Child Development Study), data were collected at birth, in childhood (age 11), adolescence (age 16), and adulthood (ages 33, 42, and 50) to examine the effects of family social background, childhood intelligence, school motivation during adolescence, education, and occupation on the personality trait Openness assessed at age 50 years. Structural equation modeling showed that parental social status, childhood intelligence, school motivation, education, and occupation all had modest, but direct, effects on trait Openness, among which childhood intelligence was the strongest predictor. Gender was not significantly associated with trait Openness. Limitations and implications of the study are discussed.

Similarities and differences in the social background of female medical, nursing and health visitor students

2008 ◽  
Vol 149 (24) ◽  
pp. 1137-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helga Judit Feith ◽  
Zsuzsanna Soósné Kiss ◽  
Ágnes Kovácsné Tóth ◽  
Péter Balázs
Keyword(s):  
Social Background ◽  
Health Visitor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Ismereteink szerint ez idáig nem történt olyan átfogó vizsgálat Magyarországon, amely egészségügyi felsőoktatásban tanuló hallgatók szociokulturális hátterét vizsgálta volna. Célkitűzés: Keresztmetszeti kutatásunk fő célkitűzése az volt, hogy megismerjük és elemezzük a leendő orvosnők, diplomás ápolónők és védőnők társadalmi hátterében megmutatkozó különbségeket. Módszer: Jelen kutatásunk orvostanhallgató-nők, valamint egészségügyi főiskolai karon tanuló hallgatónők között készült, a Semmelweis Egyetemen. Összesen 295 hallgatónőt vontunk be a kutatásba, értékelhető választ adott 68,08% ( n = 201). Az eredményeket az SPSS programcsomag segítségével elemeztük, leíró statisztikai megközelítésben. Eredmények: A felmérésben részt vevő hallgatónők számos szociodemográfiai jellemzőjében meghatározó különbséget tapasztaltunk. Az orvostanhallgató-nők nagyobb hányada diplomás szülők gyermeke, ugyanakkor a főiskolai szintű képzésben részt vevő hallgatónők esetében ennek jóval kisebb az esélye. Nem találtunk ugyan statisztikailag alátámasztható különbséget a három hallgatói csoport családi állapotában, de megállapítható, hogy kevesebb diplomásápoló-hallgatónő volt férjezett, illetve élt élettársi kapcsolatban. Következtetések: A főiskolai hallgatónők, valamint az orvostanhallgatók szociokulturális hátterében megmutatkozó különbségek, az ebből következő társadalmi hátrányok nagyobb mértékben sújtják az ápoló- és védőnőhallgatókat, mint az orvostanhallgató-nőket.

«Благочестивые путешествия» в Иерусалим: российские паломники-писатели XVIII столетия

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Kirillina
Keyword(s):  
Travel Literature ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
Russian Orthodoxy ◽  
Ottoman History ◽  
Holy Places

Abstract The culmination of long-term development of the traditional pilgrimage genre in Russian literature falls on the eighteenth century. Reports of Russian pilgrims to the Christian Holy Places of the Middle East produced during this period, not only precede the nineteenth century the Golden age of travel literature in Russia, but also retain their great historical and cultural significance and still remain a subject of research for scholars dwelling on the Arab-Ottoman history. The authors attention is focused on 12 pilgrims accounts written by Ivan Lukjanov (dates of travel: 17011703), Makariy and Seliverst (17041707), Andrey Ignatiev (17071708), Ippolit Vishenskiy (17071709), Varlaam (17121714), Matvey Nechaev (17211722), Sylvester and Nicodim (1722), Vasiliy Grigorowich-Barskiy (17231747), Serapion (17491751), Ignatiy Denshin (17661776), Leontiy (17631765) and Meletiy (17931794). The research focus of the article is on the personalities of the pilgrimagewriters, their biographical data and social background as well as the fates of their writings after their completion. Some of the pilgrims accounts received due credit long after they had been produced, others gained great popularity at the time of writing and some of them were almost forgotten and mostly neglected by scholars of the following generations. The article also deals with the religious affiliation of the pilgrimage-writers, which predetermined their perception of the Arab-Ottoman world through the prism of Russian Orthodoxy and the values preached by this particular brand of Christianity.Аннотация В XVIII в. традиционный паломнический жанр в русской словесности достиг подлинного расцвета и подошел к своему логическому завершению. Паломнические описания Святой Земли, составленные в XVIII в., не только предваряют XIX столетие золотой век путешествий в русской литературе, но и сохраняют свою самостоятельную историко-культурную значимость, а их содержательная сторона продолжает оставаться объектом исследований ученых, в том числе арабистов и османистов. Внимание автора сосредоточено на 12 паломнических описаниях, авторство которых принадлежит Ивану Лукьянову (даты путешествия: 17011703 гг.), Макарию и Селиверсту (17041707 гг.), Андрею Игнатьеву (17071708 гг.), Ипполиту Вишенскому (17071709 гг.), Варлааму (17121714 гг.), Матвею Нечаеву (17211722 гг.), Сильвестру и Никодиму (1722 г.), Василию Григоровичу-Барскому (17231747 гг.), Серапиону (17491751 гг.), Игнатию Деншину (17661776 гг.), Леонтию (17631765 гг.) и Мелетию (17931794 гг.). В исследовательском фокусе статьи находятся личности паломников и дошедшие до нас сведения об их биографиях, их социальное происхождение, а также последующая судьба их произведений. Одни письменные свидетельства богомольцев о хождениях к святым местам Ближнего Востока завоевали признание современников, другие были по достоинству оценены значительно позднее, а некоторые практически выпали из поля зрения последующих поколений исследователей. В статье также отдельно рассмотрена конфессиональная принадлежность паломников-писателей, которая предопределила их восприятие арабо-османского мира сквозь призму Русского Православия.

Social Background and Parent's Health: Their Impact on Health Status in Adulthood

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Devaux ◽  
Florence Jusot ◽  
Alain Trannoy ◽  
Sandy Tubeuf
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Social Background

The inspection of actual runoff control facilities five years after construction

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 373-377
Author(s):  
Yuzo Akagawa ◽  
Yasutoshi Matsumoto ◽  
Mitsuyoshi Zaizen
Keyword(s):  
Return Period ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Design Rainfall ◽  
The Social ◽  
Athletic Field ◽  
Runoff Control

This report describes runoff control facilities (five years after construction) which are basically an athletic field consisting of tennis courts, constructed in an area of about four hectares in Tokyo. The report is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the social background of the fact that the athletic field has come to have runoff control functions. The second part concerns the summary of these facilities, and then the last part relates to the effects of runoff control. Concerning the effects of the facilities, the return period of design rainfall for runoff control facilities is ten years, but stormwater has been stored on the tennis courts twice in five years after construction. Though these two cases of rainfall were very extraordinary, as the outcome of the inspection of the runoff control facilities we were able to confirm the effects of runoff control by means of simulating under the condition of those two cases of rainfall. In addition, we were able to confirm the effect of groundwater cultivation by means of researching the transition of the groundwater table.

Social Environment and Creativity

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-58
Author(s):  
Jiří Semrád ◽  
Milan Škrabal
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Family Influence ◽  
Creative Activity ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cultural Legacy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family

The paper deals with issues connected with the motivation of high school students to participate in activities aimed at professional creative activity and, in this context, issues of environmental influences, especially from school and the family. It is responding to some of the growing efforts of neoliberalism to over individualize creative expression and activities and completely ignore social influences. It also takes into account the cultural legacy of past generations and the sources of creative power that have taken root in society and from which individuals draw and process their inspiration. Presented within are the results of an empirical probe focused on the influence of the social environment on the creative activity of teenagers. The paper follows the relations to the existing body of knowledge on the relationship between social environment and creativity, with an effort to capture the social conditionality of creative performances—to capture their roots. The results of the probe have confirmed the initial hypothesis that the creative efforts of secondary school students taking part in vocational training is based on the social background of the family and school. However, the family influence on the students’ creativity is not as significant as one would expect. It is the indirect effect of the family environment that has a larger influence.

The Economic and Social Background to the Consumer Durables Revolution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Scott
Keyword(s):  
Durable Goods ◽  
Consumer Credit ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Household Demand ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Consumer Durables ◽  
Technological Improvements

By 1939 rising living standards provided access to an array of durable goods that many people regarded as necessities, but would have been beyond the dreams of their parents twenty-five years earlier. Rising real wages, falling fertility rates, and an expansion and liberalization of consumer credit, collectively made affordable goods that cost several weeks’, months’, or (in the case of housing) years’ income. This chapter examines these trends and then discusses their impacts on household demand for durable goods. For most durables, demand is shown to have risen substantially faster than incomes, producing a major rise in their share of total consumer expenditure. This was partly driven by technological improvements, though successful marketing (both of the goods and the consumer credit that made them affordable) also played a key role.

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