scholarly journals Anatomy of the dromedary head skeleton revisited

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (02) ◽  
pp. 073-088 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. El Allali ◽  
M. Achaâban ◽  
M. Ouassat
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Jugular Foramen ◽  
Dromedary Camel ◽  
Temporal Fossa ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Clinical Investigations ◽  
Desert Areas ◽  
Practice Methods ◽  
First Time ◽  
Head Skeleton

Abstract Introduction: Dromedary Camel is known for its specific adaptation to the hostile environment of desert areas. Hence, it is a very interesting model to consider for biological and veterinary sciences. A good knowledge of camel head osteology is relevant to overcome the lack of accurate data useful for comparative anatomy, radiology and clinical practice. Methods: The present work studied the osteology of the camel skull at different age and investigates blood vessels and nerves passing through its foramina. Results: The obtained data show similarities with domestic mammals but also several peculiarities. These include particularly; the existence of an extensive temporal fossa; a prominent external sagittal crest in the adults which is replaced by a large parietal planum in the youngest; the supra-orbital foramina give access only to the frontal vein and thus cannot be used for the nerve block and anesthesia of the upper eyelids; supplementary foramens including, a retroarticular, a lateral sphenopalatine, an accessory maxillary and a lacrimal fontanel were described for the first time. Unlike that reported in the literature, the lacerate foramen is covered by a fibro-cartilaginous layer; whereas the carotid foramen is located caudally to the jugular foramen. The hyoid lingual process is lacking while the epihyoideum is well developed. The mandibular symphysis is well extended reaching 13.2 ± 0.8cm. Also, the literature controversy concerning the lower jaw dental formula was discussed and elucidated: I3-C1-PM2-M3. Conclusion: This study provides a deep anatomy description of the camel skull. The presented results are important for comparative anatomy and clinical investigations.

A standardized terminology of spines in the order Siluriformes (Actinopterygii: Ostariophysi)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo A Ballen ◽  
Mario C C De Pinna
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Appendicular Skeleton ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Direct Examination ◽  
Dorsal Fin ◽  
Anatomical Nomenclature ◽  
Standardized Terminology ◽  
The Cost ◽  
First Time ◽  
Terminology System

Abstract A standardized terminology for the anatomy of pectoral- and dorsal-fin spines in the order Siluriformes is proposed based on an extensive literature review and direct examination of representatives of the order. The adult anatomy of the spines is described in detail. Terminology of various spine parts are reviewed and standardized, each term provided with a synonymic list organizing previous usage. Most of the structures treated have been recorded and named in the literature, but some are herein named for the first time. A quantitative approach is proposed for orienting decisions on name usage, aiming at minimizing differences between the terminology proposed and the vast amount of pre-existing literature, herein called the cost function. It is expected that this system will aid efforts in organizing the chaotic anatomical nomenclature of the appendicular skeleton in Siluriformes, and provide a solid basis for advances in comparative anatomy and nomenclature. The proposed terminology system has potential application on a number of fields that utilize information from catfish spines, ranging from taxonomy to phylogenetic systematics to paleontology and archaeology.

Comparative anatomy of the gut of the South American species of Amitermes, with description of two new species and an identification key based on soldiers and workers

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4751 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-104
Author(s):  
MAURICIO M. ROCHA ◽  
ELIANA M. CANCELLO
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
First Time

In this contribution we present updates on the taxonomy and morphology of the South American species of Amitermes. Two new species are described: Amitermes bandeirai, sp. n., from Brazil, and Amitermes lilloi, sp. n., from Argentina. Amitermes nordestinus is a junior synonym of Amitermes aporema. The imago of A. aporema is described for the first time. Detailed comparative gut anatomy of the eight species is presented for the first time. The geographic distribution of Amitermes in South America is expanded and the distribution patterns of some species are discussed. 

scholarly journals SDS2 CHALLENGES IN TREATMENT OF GLIOBLASTOMA: CURRENT CONCEPTS AND THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. ii3-ii3
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Wick
Keyword(s):  
Network Architecture ◽  
Dna Methyltransferase ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Resistance ◽  
Secondary Resistance ◽  
Methylguanine Dna Methyltransferase ◽  
Clinical Investigations ◽  
Mgmt Promoter ◽  
Brain Interface ◽  
First Time

Abstract The natural disease course in glioblastoma is grim, in adults as well as in children. To date, there are no options for primary, secondary or tertiary prevention. However, unlike the fatalistic approach generally taken, there are subgroups of patients or individuals clearly benefitting over a variable time from current treatments, radiation and alkylating chemotherapy, as well as experimental precision or immune interventions. This heterogeneity in treatment response reflects the biological heterogeneity of the disease, which needs to be addressed in current preclinical and clinical investigations as well as this identifies primary and acquired treatment resistance as the key challenge in the field of glioblastoma. Importantly, even for most conventional treatments the basic molecular mechanisms for primary or secondary resistance are unknown or incompletely understood. The present view is that progress will be made with a more precise classification and grouping of glioblastoma. The methylation subgroups clearly provide a first step, but further tumor bulk but potentially also subclonal or single-cell analyses might provide further insights and will be a prerequisite to meaningfully interpretable trials. Novel preclinical and translational concepts of glioblastoma in adults reflecting the proposed network architecture of the glioma, but also the glioma-brain interface may for the first time separate options for trial interventions in glioblastoma form the usual mainstream in oncology. Clinical trials of the past years have revealed the potential for further developing a lomustine/temozolomide combination in O6-methylguanine DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter hypermethylated glioblastoma and allow leaving out temozolomide for glioblastoma harboring an unmethylated MGMT promoter. The latter is not clinical standard, however we should at some point make sure we still understand, why temozolomide is provided in this biological situation and how we make a next step. The field of immunoneurooncology is rapidly growing with preclinical work and trial concepts, but whereas patients with brain metastases seem to benefit from this development, success in glioblastoma is restricted to uncontrolled earl-phase developments.

A review of Silvanerpeton miripedes, a stem amniote from the Lower Carboniferous of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland

2006 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcello Ruta ◽  
Jennifer A. Clack
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Lower Carboniferous ◽  
Total Group ◽  
Skull Roof ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
First Time ◽  
Basal Position

ABSTRACTPreviously described and new specimens of the anthracosaur Silvanerpeton miripedes from the Scottish Viséan of East Kirkton yield important new data which allow us to provide a more complete reconstruction of the skull roof, palate, braincase and lower jaw. A stout sacral rib and an incompletely ossified tarsus with a subquadrangular intermedium are also recorded for the first time. A remarkably well preserved humerus in extensor view shows similarities with humeri of immature specimens of the embolomere Proterogyrinus. A new cladistic analysis, built from combining characters used in two recent matrices, places Silvanerpeton in a basal position relative to embolomeres and more derived stem amniotes. Data from Silvanerpeton inform character polarity near the base of the amniote total group. We discuss some morphofunctional implications of character changes at the root of total group amniotes, acquisition of terrestrial habits, and patterns of early disparity in this clade.

scholarly journals Characterization of the complete genomes of Camelus dromedarius papillomavirus types 1 and 2

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 1769-1777 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Ure ◽  
A. K. Elfadl ◽  
A. I. Khalafalla ◽  
A. A. R. Gameel ◽  
J. Dillner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Camelus Dromedarius ◽  
Bovine Papillomavirus ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
The Family ◽  
Complete Genomes ◽  
First Time

Camel papillomatosis has been described previously, but the genome of the suspected papillomavirus (PV) has not been identified. An outbreak of papillomatosis occurred in a dromedary farm of 55 animals in Sudan during August 2009. The disease was only present in young animals aged about 3–7 months, of which 44 % (11/25) were affected with lesions, mainly on the lips and lower jaw. This study reports for the first time the complete genomes of Camelus dromedarius papillomavirus types 1 (CdPV1) and 2 (CdPV2), isolated from a cauliflower-like nodule and a round oval raised nodule, respectively. Pairwise comparisons of their L1 nucleotide sequences revealed 69.2 % identity, and phylogenetic analyses suggested that these two PV types are grouped within the genus Deltapapillomavirus. Both viruses were isolated from fibropapillomas, although no putative E5 proteins homologous to that of bovine papillomavirus type 1 were identified. The genetic information will be useful for evolutionary studies of the family Papillomaviridae, as well as for the development of diagnostic methods for surveillance of the disease in dromedaries.

Lower jaws, lower tetrapods–a review based on the Devonian genus Acanthostega

1998 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Erik Ahlberg ◽  
Jennifer A. Clack
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Stem Group ◽  
Early Tetrapods ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe lower jaw of the Devonian tetrapod Acanthostega is described for the first time. Redescriptions are provided for the lower jaws of the elpistostegid Panderichthys, the Devonian tetrapods Elginerpeton, Obruchevichthys, Metaxygnathus, Ventastega and Ichthyostega, and the Carboniferous tetrapods Crassigyrinus, Megalocephalus and Gephyrostegus. The character distri- butions thus revealed differ considerably from previous accounts, particularly in the wide distribution of certain primitive characters. Meckelian ossification in the middle part of the jaw is widespread among Devonian tetrapods, being demonstrably absent only in Acanthostega. Among Carboniferous tetrapods, a tooth-bearing parasymphysial plate is shown to be present in Crassigyrinus and Megalocephalus (having already been demonstrated by other authors in Whatcheeria and Greererpeton). A phylogenetic analysis of 26 early tetrapods including all the aforementioned genera, scored for 51 lower jaw characters, produces at least 2,500 equally parsimonious trees. However, the lack of resolution lies largely in a big top end polychotomy containing anthracosaurs, temnospondyls, seymouriamorphs, microsaurs and a nectridean-amniote clade. Below this polycho- tomy, which may correspond approximately to the tetrapod crown group, there is a well-resolved stem-group containing, in descending order, Megalocephalus, Greererpeton, Crassigyrinus, (jaws associated with) Tulerpeton, Whatcheeria, Acanthostega, Metaxygnathus, Ichthyostega, Ventastega and Metaxygnathus (unresolved), an Elginerpeton-Obruchevichthys clade, and Panderichthys. This conflicts with recently published phylogenies by Coates and Lebedev & Coates, which place Tulerpeton and all post-Devonian tetrapods in the amphibian or amniote branches of the tetrapod crown group.

scholarly journals The tapejarid pterosaur Tupandactylus imperator from Crato Formation and the preservation of cranial integuments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hebert Bruno Nascimento Campos ◽  
Edio-Ernst Kischlat
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Lower Cretaceous ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Unusual Pattern ◽  
Exceptional Preservation ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe group Tapejaridae forms a clade of toothless pterosaurs easily recognized by their premaxillary sagittal crests and particularly large nasoantorbital fenestrae. The tapejarids represent the most representative group of pterosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of the Araripe Basin (Northeastern Brazil). The holotype of the large tapejarid Tupandactylus imperator Campos and Kellner, 1997 is known by two main slabs from the New Olinda Member of the Crato Formation, however, only one of the slabs containing the sagittally bipartite skull is referred to the holotype of Tupandactylus imperator, remain the counter-slab be properly described. The cotype is fragmented in several broken pieces and presents a significative number of cranial elements. A medial internasal septum completely preserved inside the nasoantorbital fenestra is reported for the first time for pterosaurs. The exceptional preservation of a collagenous septum and other integumentary structures visible in the cotype specimen is extremely rare and supports the concept of the unusual pattern of soft tissue observed in the fossils from the Crato Konservat-Lagerstätte, specially pterosaurs. Herein is presented the description of the cotype of Tupandactylus imperator, in complementation to the previously designated slab of the holotype of this tapejarid species. The occurrence of casques in pterosaurs is supported by comparative anatomy with the bird galliform Pauxi (Cracidae). Besides that, it is discussed on the skull with extravagant cranial crests of Tupandactylus imperator and the significance of the associated soft tissues and other cranial integuments, which indicates an expressive morphological and taxonomic diversity among the tapejarid pterosaurs.

scholarly journals Systematic revision of the genus Peronia Fleming, 1822 (Gastropoda, Euthyneura, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae)

ZooKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 972 ◽  
pp. 1-224
Author(s):  
Benoît Dayrat ◽  
Tricia C. Goulding ◽  
Deepak Apte ◽  
Sadar Aslam ◽  
Adam Bourke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
Large Collection ◽  
Systematic Revision ◽  
West Pacific ◽  
Mitochondrial Coi ◽  
Fresh Material ◽  
Nomina Dubia ◽  
First Time

The genus Peronia Fleming, 1822 includes all the onchidiid slugs with dorsal gills. Its taxonomy is revised for the first time based on a large collection of fresh material from the entire Indo-West Pacific, from South Africa to Hawaii. Nine species are supported by mitochondrial (COI and 16S) and nuclear (ITS2 and 28S) sequences as well as comparative anatomy. All types available were examined and the nomenclatural status of each existing name in the genus is addressed. Of 31 Peronia species-group names available, 27 are regarded as invalid (twenty-one synonyms, sixteen of which are new, five nomina dubia, and one homonym), and four as valid: Peronia peronii (Cuvier, 1804), Peronia verruculata (Cuvier, 1830), Peronia platei (Hoffmann, 1928), and Peronia madagascariensis (Labbé, 1934a). Five new species names are created: P. griffithsi Dayrat & Goulding, sp. nov., P. okinawensis Dayrat & Goulding, sp. nov., P. setoensis Dayrat & Goulding, sp. nov., P. sydneyensis Dayrat & Goulding, sp. nov., and P. willani Dayrat & Goulding, sp. nov.Peronia species are cryptic externally but can be distinguished using internal characters, with the exception of P. platei and P. setoensis. The anatomy of most species is described in detail here for the first time. All the secondary literature is commented on and historical specimens from museum collections were also examined to better establish species distributions. The genus Peronia includes two species that are widespread across the Indo-West Pacific (P. verruculata and P. peronii) as well as endemic species: P. okinawensis and P. setoensis are endemic to Japan, and P. willani is endemic to Northern Territory, Australia. Many new geographical records are provided, as well as a key to the species using morphological traits.

scholarly journals Advancing Clinical Genetics Diagnostic Skills: Cherubism.

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Clinical Genetics ◽  
Surgical Operation ◽  
Poor Vision ◽  
Diagnostic Skills ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Upward Displacement ◽  
Social Encounters ◽  
First Time ◽  
Childhood Condition

1. Abstract 1.1. Background: Cherubism is a very rare, mostly a childhood condition that can be horribly disfiguring. We have previously reported our extensive experiences with the diagnosis of rare genetic disorders in a plethora of publications. We have previously reported a large number of rare conditions in Iraq and we have also helped physicians in the diagnosis and publication of rare syndromes observed in other countries. The aim of this papers is to help physicians in advancing the diagnostic skills in the field of clinical genetics by reviewing briefly a rare syndrome that have not been reported in Iraq, but it is associated with certain clinical characteristics that allow an early diagnosis when seen for the first time. 1.2. Patients and methods: During the last week of January, 2021, several TV channels presented and discussed the problem of two brothers from Egypt who were considered to have a very rare poorly defined condition that has been associated with progressive disfigurement which resulted in embarrassing social encounters. The cases of the two brothers are presented. 1.3. Results: The older brother aged 15 and the younger brother aged 14 years. Both had abnormal bilateral and symmetric growth of the jaw resulting in a wide jaw appearance and a round and swollen appearance of cheeks. They also had no teeth on the lower jaw and loose or misplaced teeth on the upper jaw. The parents and a third brother were unaffected. Both children didn’t have mental retardation. The older brother had more severe disfigurement and many people were asking him to remove the mask he is wearing. He also had very poor vision of left eye resulting from the pressure effect and upward displacement of the eye. The younger brother had a surgical operation to remove a benign tumor from the lower jaw which reduced his disfigurement. Conclusion: Awareness of doctors with this condition “Cherubism” is helpful and denosumab can be tried in severe cases based on the evidence provided by Bar Droma, et al (2020).

Memoirs: The Eye and Optic Tract of Insects

1885 ◽  
Vol s2-25 (98) ◽  
pp. 215-251
Author(s):  
SYDNEY J. HICKSON
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Optic Tract ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Crystalline Cone ◽  
Similar Series ◽  
First Time

In this memoir, then, I have described in detail the eye and optic tract of Muse a vo mitoria. The pseudo-cones I have found to be composed of four cells with their nuclei situated internally, each one containing a large watery or albuminous vacuole, which serves the same purpose, and is morphologically homologous with the crystalline cone of the "eucone" eyes. There are six retinulte cells, each possessing a nucleus situated in that part of it which lies immediately behind the pseudocones, and in some cases an additional nucleus, situated about half way down. I have figured for the first time the interommatidiai tracheal vesicles which have been previously observed by several investigators. In the optic tract I have described three ganglia--the opticon, epi-opticon, and periopticon. The last of these is composed of a number of small cylindrical elements of a tissue composed of a sponge work of nerve-fibrilæ, which I have called a "neurospongium." The opticon and the epi-opticon are present in all insects and in most of the higher Crustacea. The peri-opticon appears comparatively late in development, but is never found even in the adults of Periplaneta and Nepa. The peri-opticon, when present, is usually composed of a number of cylindrical elements, which partially fuse in Aeschna and completely in Eristalis, Bombyx, and the Crustacea. In Eristalis the peri-opticon is traversed by a number of delicate tracheal vessels. The terminal optic anastomosis of Nepa is more complicated than it is in Periplaneta, and seems to be an intermediate stage between the simple anastomosis and the true peri-opticon of Musca. A similar series of intermediate stages between the simple anastomosis and a true peri-opticon has been traced in the development of these parts in the Bee. The development and comparative anatomy of the periopticon of insects is interesting, as it may indicate the mode in which central ganglia were first formed from primitive nerve-fibrils and cells. My researches seem to me to corroborate the opinion of the majority of previous investigators, that the retinulas are the true nerve-end cells. My researches were carried on entirely in the morphological laboratory at Oxford, and I have to thank Professor Moseley for much valuable help and advice, and to Professor Lankester for many valuable suggestions.

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