scholarly journals Spondias mombin promotes gastric mucosa and lipid profile status in gastric ulceration

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (02) ◽  
pp. 082-088
Author(s):  
A. Akinlolu ◽  
K. Ghazali ◽  
O. Ameen ◽  
A. Odewabi
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Gastric Acidity ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Gastric Ulceration ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Spondias Mombin ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Abstract Introduction: Spondias mombin has been reported to possess medicinal properties. Material and Methods: This study evaluated the anti-ulcer properties of Spondias mombin. Rats of Group I received physiological saline only while 40mg/kg/bodyweight of Indomethacin (an ulcerogen) was administered to rats of Groups II - VI. Four hours after administrations of the ulcerogen; rats of Groups III - VI were treated daily with oral administrations of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg/bodyweight of Spondias mombin bark extract and 40mg/kg/bodyweight of Omeprazole respectively for four days. Rats were euthanized on Days 1 (Group II) and 5 (Groups I and III - VI); stomach and liver samples were removed for evaluations of gastric acidity, histo-pathological and lipid profile status. Results: AAnalyses of gastric acidity and lipid profile status in the stomach and liver samples of rats of Group II showed statistically significant higher levels (P≤0.05) of gastric acidity, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides but lower high density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels (P≤0.05) when compared to rats of Groups I, and III - VI. Histo-pathological evaluations showed dose-dependent restorations of stomach and liver histology to pre-ulceration states in rats of Groups III - VI. Conclusions: This study concluded that Spondias mombin administrations promoted histo-pathological restorations of the stomach and liver; and lipid profile status of male wistar rats in Indomethacin - induced gastric ulceration.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF LIPID PROFILE IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC NEUROPATHY AND WITHOUT NEUROPATHY; A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (Suppl-1) ◽  
pp. S202-06
Author(s):  
Kanwal Huma ◽  
Khadija Mehbob ◽  
Amir Rashid ◽  
Fatima Fuad ◽  
Muhammad Mamoon Mujahid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Neuropathy ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
High Density ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective: To compare lipid profile in patients with diabetic neuropathy and without neuropathy. Study Design: Cross-sectional comparative study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at Multidisciplinary Lab-1, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical College, from Jan 2020 to Sep 2020 in collaboration with Pak-Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. Methodology: Eighty-four subjects were selected and divided into three groups, twenty-eight in each. Group Iincluded diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with peripheral neuropathy, group II included diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without peripheral neuropathy and group III consisted of healthy individuals. Biochemical parameters including total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 22.0. One way ANOVA test was used that followed by post-Hoc Tukey test for group comparison. Results: There was significant difference in triglycerides (p-value 0.001) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol(0.003) levels among group I and III. While, between group II and III significant difference of high density lipoprotein cholesterol was present. There was no significant difference between group I and II regarding all lipid profile parameters. Conclusion: There was significant increase of triglycerides levels and decrease of high density lipoproteincholesterol in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy as compared to healthy controls. No significantdifference was observed for all parameters of lipid profile between patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathyand without peripheral neuropathy.

scholarly journals Apolipoprotein A-I and Apolipoprotein B: Better Indicators of Dyslipidemia in Diabetic Retinopathy Patients?

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-146
Author(s):  
Aliya Nusrath ◽  
Dyavegowda Namitha ◽  
Arasegowda Rajeswari ◽  
Yeliyur D Shilpashree ◽  
N Asha Rani
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Apolipoprotein B ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Apo B ◽  
Postprandial Plasma Glucose ◽  
Apolipoprotein A ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

ABSTRACT Diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains the leading cause of mortality and disability in adults with diabetes. Recently apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-I) and apolipoprotein B (Apo B) have been found to be associated with biophysiological changes of DR than traditional lipids. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the lipid profile including Apo A-I, Apo B, and Apo B/Apo A-I levels in diabetes patients with or without retinopathy. The present study was conducted at Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital, India. The total numbers of subjects were 90, divided into three groups. Group I included 30 healthy controls, group II included 30 cases of diabetes mellitus (DM) without retinopathy, and group III had 30 cases of DR. Blood samples were drawn under aseptic precautions from study subjects. The investigations carried out were fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPPG), and lipid profile including Apo A-I and Apo B in all subjects. The FPG, PPPG, lipid profile, and apolipoproteins (Apo A-I and Apo B) were estimated using autoanalyzer EM 200.There was significant increase in FPG, PPPG, total cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and no significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in group II and III subjects. There was significant decrease in Apo A-I and increase in Apo B levels and Apo B/Apo A-I ratio in group II and III subjects. There is a suggestive association of TGs, LDL, and Apo B/Apo A-I ratio in diabetic subjects with and without retinopathy. The Apo A-I, Apo B, and ratio of Apo B/Apo A-I are strong indicators of dyslipidemia in diabetic and DR patients. The ratio of Apo B/Apo A-I is better associated with DR and may contribute to development and progression of DR. How to cite this article Namitha D, Nusrath A, Rajeswari A, Rani NA, Shilpashree YD. Apolipoprotein A-I and Apolipoprotein B: Better Indicators of Dyslipidemia in Diabetic Retinopathy Patients? Indian J Med Biochem 2017;21(2):142-146.

scholarly journals A study of lipid profile in subclinical hypothyroidism in tertiary care hospital, Kolkata, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 760
Author(s):  
Kaushik Saha ◽  
Dipa Saha
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Background: Objective was to study lipid profile in patients of subclinical hypothyroidism in tertiary centre in Kolkata, West Bengal and compare the same with matched controls.Methods: This observational study (single exposure) was conducted May 2019 to Nov 2019 at Department of Medicine, KPC Medical College, Jadavpur, Kolkata in subjects diagnosed with Sub Clinical Hypothyroidism [defined as normal T3 or FT3, normal T4 or FT4, and with increased TSH. Sixty patients with subclinical hypothyroidism were selected after careful exclusion; lipid profile was compared with matched controls.Results: Between the two groups (group I - controls vs. group II - cases), the values were as follows: Mean serum total T3 value was 114.03±29.22 ng/dl vs. 106.15±36.24 ng/dl (p = 0.3476); mean total T4 was 7.07±1.69 μg/dl vs. 6.86±1.31 μg/dl (p = 0.535); mean TSH was 3.17±1.28 μIU/ml vs. 9.77±4.19 μIU/ml (p <0.0001). Lipid profile pattern (group I vs. group II) was as follows: Mean total cholesterol (TC) 125.50±9.18 mg/dl vs. 162.07±42.32 mg/dl (p <0.0001), mean triglycerides (TG) is 136.65±14.82 mg/dl vs. 148.90±65.27 mg/dl (p = 0.3236), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol is 62.17±7.40 mg/dl vs. 98.81±33.26 mg/dl (p <0.0001), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol 39.17±6.62 mg/dl vs. 34.27±9.63 mg/dl (p = 0.0702), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels are 34.54±15.38 mg/dl vs. 32.08±13.21 mg/dl (p = 0.5245)..Conclusions: Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with increased serum total cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol levels. Therefore, there is a potential association between Subclinical hypothyroidism and atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals The level of endogenous testosterone and its correlation with lipid profile in men older than 40 years with acute myocardial infarction

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 804-810
Author(s):  
Branko Barac ◽  
Sanja Stankovic ◽  
Milika Asanin ◽  
Zorana Vasiljevic-Pokrajcic ◽  
Svetlana Vujovic
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Apolipoprotein A1 ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarct ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Background/Aim. The influence of lipid profile on acute myocardial infarct (AMI) is well known. On the other hand, the role of testosterone (T), as one of the possible predictive factors of AMI in men and its influence on lipid profile in men is still controversial. The aim of the study was to determine levels of T in AMI and six months after AMI in the same group of patients, and to compare with T levels in healthy men. Also we correlated T levels with lipid profile in patients with AMI and 6 months after AMI. Methods. The study was designed as prospective study. Patients were divided into III groups: Group I included 35 men, aged 55 ? 3 years, with AMI. Group II included the same 35 patients, analyzed 6 months after AMI. The group III consisted of 20 healthy men aged 57 ? 2.12 years (control group). Blood samples of the group I (AMI) were taken in the first 12 hours from the AMI beginning and also 6 months after AMI (group II). Following analyses were performed: levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1), apolipoprotein B (Apo B) and T. Results. Levels of T in patients with AMI (16.86 ? 7.18 nmol/L) as well as 6 months after AMI (18.12 ? 7.96 nmol/L) were statistically significantly lower than those in healthy persons of the same age (27.11 ? 10.48 nmol/L) (p < 0.001). In the group I, statistically significant, positive correlation was found between levels of T and HDL cholesterol (r = 0.403, p < 0.05), and levels of T and Apo A1 (r = 0.747, p < 0.01). In the group II, statistically significant, positive correlation was also found between levels of T and HDL cholesterol (r = 0.388, p < 0.05) and T and Apo A1(r = 0.354, p < 0.05). Conclusion. This study showed that men, over 40 years of age, with AMI had statistically significantly lower concentrations of endogenous T compared to healthy male population of the same age. Levels of T in the same patients after 6 months from AMI maintained statistically significantly lower values in comparison to those in healthy men.

scholarly journals HIGH SENSITIVE C-REACTIVE PROTEIN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER CARDIOVASCULAR RISK VARIABLES IN OBESE, OVERWEIGHT AND HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Gayathri B ◽  
Vinodhini Vm
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Hs Crp

Objective: More than 50% of the world’s population is considered overweight and being overweight is associated with several comorbidities such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemia, respiratory diseases, osteoarthritis, and depression. Therefore, in this study, we have estimated the high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in obese, overweight, and normal body mass index (BMI) individuals and whether there was any relationship between hs-CRP and other risk factors of the cardiovascular system such as serum total cholesterol (TC) and other lipids.Methods: A total of 150 participants, divided into three groups. Group I - 50 participants with normal BMI (18–22.99 kg/m2), Group II - 50 participants who were overweight (BMI = 23–24.99 kg/m2), and Group III - 50 who were obese (BMI ≥25 kg). We measured fasting plasma glucose, postprandial plasma glucose, serum TC, triacylglycerol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hs-CRP.Results: Obese individuals had increased hs-CRP compared with control (Group I) and overweight (Group II) groups. hs-CRP positively correlated with BMI and lipid profile.Conclusion: Elevated hs-CRP was associated with cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals. This high-risk group should be targeted for therapeutic lifestyle modifications to prevent further complications.

scholarly journals Perfluoroalkyl substances and lipid profile in exposed pregnant women in the Veneto Region, Italy

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Dalla Zuanna ◽  
G Barbieri ◽  
G Pitter ◽  
M Zare Jeddi ◽  
F Daprà ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Perfluoroalkyl Substances ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Veneto Region ◽  
Exposed Population

Abstract Background Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent and widespread environmental pollutants. Residents of a large area of the Veneto Region (North-Eastern Italy) were exposed to high concentrations of PFASs through drinking water from the late-1970s to 2013. PFASs have been consistently associated with raised serum lipids, but only few studies have been conducted among pregnant women, and none has stratified analyses by trimesters of gestation. Our main objective was to evaluate the association between perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) levels and lipid profiles in high-exposed pregnant women. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was conducted in 319 pregnant women (age 14-48 years) recruited in the Regional health surveillance program. Serum PFASs were measured by HPLC-MS/MS. Non-fasting serum total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured by enzymatic assays in automated analysers, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated. The associations between ln-transformed PFASs (and categorized into quartiles) and lipids were assessed using generalized additive models. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders and stratified according to pregnancy trimester. Results In the first trimester, plasma concentrations of both PFOA and PFOS were positively associated with TC. However in the third trimester PFOA levels were instead inversely significantly associated with TC and LDL-C levels. Overall, both PFOA and PFOS were positively associated with HDL-C, and PFOA negatively with LDL-C. Conclusions In a small highly exposed population of pregnant women, the associations between PFASs concentrations and lipid profile were modified by trimester of gestation. Patterns late in pregnancy were different to the positive associations with LDL-C generally found. Differential transfer and bioaccumulation of lipids and PFAS in the placenta across gestation might explain our findings. Key messages This study provides evidence of different patterns of PFAS associations with lipids in pregnant women across the trimesters of gestation. The different patterns of association from general population studies sheds light on the role of fetal nutrition during pregnancy affecting both lipids and PFAS in serum.

scholarly journals Comparative effects of ethanol leaf and stem bark extracts of Irvingia gabonensis (BUSH MANGO) on sodium arsenite-induced lipid profile perturbtions in wistar rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Efosa Godwin Ewere ◽  
Ngozi Paulinus Okolie ◽  
Erhunmwunsee Dalton Avan ◽  
Patience Edet Umoh
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Sodium Arsenite ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Irvingia Gabonensis

Abstract Background Exposure to arsenic orchestrates a myriad of noxious health effects, including cancer. Different parts of Irvingia gabonensis are used as herbal remedies in traditional medicine. In this study, the comparative effects of the ethanol leaf (ELEIG) and stem bark extracts (ESEIG) of Irvingia gabonensis on sodium arsenite (SA)-induced lipid profile disturbances in Wistar rats were investigated. Methods Fifty five Wistar rats weighing between 100 g and 179 g were distributed into eleven groups (n=5). Group 1 (control) received feed and water ad libitum. Group 2 received SA at a dose of 4.1 mg/kg body weight (kgbw) for 14 days. Groups 3–11 were treated with the extracts with or without SA. Treatment was done by oral intubation for 14 days. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TAG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c), total lipids (TL) and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were used to determine the lipid profile effects of the extracts. Results Exposure to SA caused significant (p ˂ 0.05) increases in all assayed parameters, relative to control. Post-treatment and simultaneous treatment with ELEIG and ESEIG mitigated the effects of SA. In addition, ELEIG alone at various doses produced results comparable with control values. However, ESEIG alone caused significant (p ˂ 0.05) increases in all assayed parameters, relative to control. Conclusion These results show that ELEIG and ESEIG ameliorate SA-induced lipid profile disturbances in Wistar rats. However, long-term administration of ESEIG alone may be discouraged.

Association of plant-based diets with lipid profile and anthropometric indices: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohadese Borazjani ◽  
Mehran Nouri ◽  
Kamesh Venkatakrishnane ◽  
Maryam Najafi ◽  
Shiva Faghih
Keyword(s):  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Healthy Plant ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Anthropometric Indices ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type

Purpose Plant-based diets have been related to decreasing morbidity and mortality of many non-communicable diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between plant-based diets and lipid profiles and anthropometric indices. Design/methodology/approach This cross-sectional study was performed on 236 men and women selected from Shiraz health-care centers. This study used a 168-item food frequency questionnaire to calculate plant-based diet index (PDI), healthy plant-based diet index (hPDI) and unhealthy plant-based diet index (uPDI). Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were measured. Furthermore, body mass index, a body shape index and conicity index (CI) were calculated after measuring weight, height and waist circumference. Findings Higher score of PDI was significantly related to higher triglycerides level (OR = 2.16; 95% CI: 1.04, 4.48; P = 0.03). In the fully adjusted model, there was a significant association between ABSI and hPDI (OR = 4.88; 95% CI: 1.17, 20.24; P = 0.03). A significant inverse association was observed between uPDI and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (OR = 0.45; 95% CI = 0.21, 0.98; P = 0.03). Also, this study found a decreasing, but insignificant trend in relation of ABSI (OR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.22, 2.34) and CI (OR = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.06, 0.56) with PDI. Research limitations/implications Further studies are needed to explore the association of PDI with anthropometric indices and lipid profile and also to assess the potential causality of the observed associations. Plant-based diets according to their contents could affect triglycerides, HDL and anthropometric properties. Practical implications Hence, dietitians should consider the findings of this study such as the inverse effect of unhealthy plant-based diets on HDL and the relation between healthy plant-based diets and WC and abdominal obesity. Originality/value This study showed that adherence to a plant-based diet was related to higher triglycerides levels. Also, uPDI was inversely associated with HDL level. Furthermore, participants who adhered more to a healthy plant-based diet had higher abdominal adiposity.

L-Carnitine Supplementation Increases Trimethylamine-N-Oxide but not Markers of Atherosclerosis in Healthy Aged Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna J. Samulak ◽  
Angelika K. Sawicka ◽  
Dace Hartmane ◽  
Solveiga Grinberga ◽  
Osvalds Pugovics ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Carnitine Supplementation ◽  
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 ◽  
Factor Α

Background: L-carnitine can be metabolized to trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a molecule that promotes atherogenesis through its interaction with macrophages and lipid metabolism. Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess whether L-carnitine supplementation may promote changes in selected serum biomarkers of atherosclerosis. Methods: Before the start, in the mid-point and after completing the 24-weeks supplementation protocol, fasting blood samples were taken from the antecubital vein. Plasma free L-carnitine and TMAO were determined by the UPLC/MS/MS method. Serum proteins were determined by the enzyme immunoassay method using commercially available kits. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides have been determined using standard automatic analyzer. Results: L-carnitine supplementation elevated fasting plasma carnitine in the mid-point of our study and it remained increased until the end of supplementation period. Moreover, it induced tenfold increase in plasma TMAO concentration but did not affect serum C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α, L-selectin, P-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 or lipid profile markers. Conclusion: We demonstrated that ­although oral L-carnitine supplementation significantly ­increased plasma TMAO concentration, no lipid profile changes or other markers of adverse cardiovascular events were detected in healthy aged women over the period of 24 weeks.

Effect of Hydroxychloroquine on the Lipid Profile of Patients with Sjögren Syndrome

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 902-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michail P. Migkos ◽  
Theodora E. Markatseli ◽  
Chrisoula Iliou ◽  
Paraskevi V. Voulgari ◽  
Alexandros A. Drosos
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Sjögren Syndrome ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Atherogenic Index ◽  
Entire Group ◽  
Sjogren Syndrome ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Changes Over Time

Objective.Many studies have highlighted the hypolipidemic action of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). We investigated the effect of HCQ on the lipid profile of patients with Sjögren syndrome (SS).Methods.The present retrospective observational study included 71 female patients with SS treated with HCQ. The levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and atherogenic index (TC/HDL) were measured at baseline, after 6 months, and 1, 3, and 5 years after initiation of HCQ treatment. Analysis to investigate changes over time was performed in the entire patient group and in the separate subgroups: those receiving (21 patients) and those not receiving (50 patients) hypolipidemic treatment.Results.For the entire group of patients a statistically significant decrease in TC was noted (levels before treatment 220 ± 41 mg/dl, and at 5 yrs 206 ± 32 mg/dl, p = 0.006). A statistically significant difference was observed in the levels of HDL (57 ± 14 mg/dl vs 67 ± 17 mg/dl, p < 0.001) and in atherogenic index (4.0 ± 1.3 vs 3.3 ± 0.9, p < 0.001). Patients not receiving a hypolipidemic agent during the same period demonstrated a decrease in TC (214 ± 40 mg/dl vs 208 ± 34 mg/dl, p = 0.049), an increase in HDL levels (55 ± 15 mg/dl vs 67 ± 18 mg/dl, p < 0.001), and a decrease in atherogenic index (4.0 ± 1.4 vs 3.3 ± 0.9, p < 0.001). In the subgroup of patients receiving hypolipidemic treatment, the respective changes in their lipid profile were not significant in the first years but became significant in the long term.Conclusion.Use of HCQ in patients with SS was related to a statistically significant decrease in TC, an increase in HDL, and improvement in the atherogenic index.

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