A Survey of Aflatoxin M1 in Commercial Liquid Milk Products in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Runjia Shi ◽  
Zhongna Yu ◽  
Harvey Ho ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Rate ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Group I ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Liquid Milk

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in Chinese liquid milk products. A total of 190 liquid milk samples, including 168 ultra-high temperature treated (UHT) milk samples and 22 pasteurized milk (PM) samples were collected in August 2019. A screening assay with the Charm Rapid Test Kit and a confirmation method with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for AFM1 analysis. Nine (4.74%) samples were screened positive, of which 5 (2.11%) samples were confirmed with concentration levels of 0.022-0.049μg/kg. The AFM1 levels confirmed were all below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) set by China, the European Union (EU), the United States of America (USA), and the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). The detection rate of AFM1 in domestic milk samples was 3.39%, while no AFM1 was detected in samples of imported milk. The prevalence of AFM1 detected in three groups were: Group I (2.70%, the major brands of China ), Group II (4.55%, the local city domestic brands) and Group III (0, the imported brands into China). The detection rate of AFM1 in PM samples (9.09%) was significantly higher than UHT samples (1.19%) ( P < 0.05). Although the residue level of AFM1 in none of the samples exceeded the MRLs, the higher detection rate in local Chinese brands, especially in PM samples, deserves the attention of the Chinese government and consumers.

A Survey of 61 Veterinary Drug Residues in Commercial Liquid Milk Products in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (7) ◽  
pp. 1227-1233
Author(s):  
RUNJIA SHI ◽  
ZHONGNA YU ◽  
WEI WU ◽  
HARVEY HO ◽  
JUN WANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Drug ◽  
Veterinary Drug Residues ◽  
Drug Residues ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Drug Residue ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Group I ◽  
Liquid Milk ◽  
Ultrahigh Temperature

ABSTRACT To investigate the drug residue status in commercial liquid milk products in China, 190 samples, including ultrahigh temperature milk (n = 168) and pasteurized milk (n = 22) samples, were collected in 2019. Milk samples were analyzed for the presence of any of the 61 veterinary drugs in them by using a screening assay combined with an ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Ten (5.26%) samples were found positive for β-lactams, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides, and six (3.16%) samples were confirmed residual for penicillin G (n = 6; 3.16%), tetracycline (n = 1; 0.53%), and oxytetracycline (n = 1; 0.53%), with the maximum concentration of 2.85, 40.64, and 12.35 μg kg−1, respectively. Drug residue detection rate in group II (4.55%; the local city domestic brands) was higher than that in group I (2.70%; the major brands of China) and group III (2.78%; the imported brands into China) and higher in domestic samples (3.39%) than that in imported samples (2.78%), and higher in pasteurized milk samples (9.09%) than in ultrahigh temperature milk samples (2.38%). All drug residue levels were far below the regulated maximum residue limits. However, based on some veterinary drug residues detected in the samples, there is a potential veterinary drug risk in liquid milk products in the Chinese market, and this situation deserves the attention of governments and consumers. HIGHLIGHTS

scholarly journals Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveed Akbar ◽  
Muhammad Nasir ◽  
Naureen Naeem ◽  
Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad ◽  
Sanaullah Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Us ◽  
Maximum Residue Limits ◽  
Elisa Technique

The manifestation of aflatoxins in feed and food is a major issue in the world as its presence leads to some health problems. This study investigates the incidence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in raw milk samples which were collected from Punjab, Pakistan. The Cluster Random Sampling technique was used to collect 960 milk samples from five different regions, and samples were collected every month. The AFM1 level in raw milk was analyzed by the ELISA technique. The findings demonstrate that 70% of samples exceeded the United States permissible maximum residue limits (MRL 0.50 µg/L), with an overall AFM1 level that ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 µg/L. AFM1 contamination varied with the season: The highest average contamination was detected in winter (0.875 µg/L), followed by autumn (0.751 µg/L), spring (0.654 µg/L), and summer (0.455 µg/L). The Eastern region exhibited the highest average AFM1 contamination (0.705 µg/L). Milk samples from the Northern region were found to be widely contaminated, as 86.9% samples exceeded the US MRL, followed by the Eastern region, with 72.3% samples being contaminated with >0.5 µg/L AFM1. The study indicated that the raw milk supply chain was heavily contaminated. Recommendations and remedial measures need to be developed by regulatory authorities to improve the raw milk quality.

scholarly journals AFLATOXIN M1 IN MILK AND ASSESSING THE POSSIBILITY OF ITS OCCURRENCE IN MILK PRODUCTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-49
Author(s):  
Sandra Jakšić ◽  
Milica Živkov Baloš ◽  
Jasna Prodanov Radulović ◽  
Igor Jajić ◽  
Saša Krstović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Economic Strategy ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Milk Processing ◽  
Milk Samples

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hepatocarcinogenic derivative of aflatoxin B1 excreted into the milk after ingestion of contaminated feed. The presenceof AFM1 in milk and milk products is of huge concern for human health. In this paper, the results on long term assessment of AFM1 in milk produced in Serbia are presented. In the period 2013 to 2016, 427 milk samples were examined for AFM1. In 34.4 % of samples, the content of AFM1was higher than 0.05 μg/kg. The article also offers a review of the fate of aflatoxin in milk products during the different operations in milk processing. The evaluation of the influence of processing on AFM1 stability can propose economic strategy for resolving cases of accidents due to AFM-1contamination of milk.

Elucidating the Origin of Milk Products on the Chinese Market Using Hydrogen and Oxygen Stable Isotope Technique

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Southern China ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chinese Market ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Isotope Technique ◽  
Stable Isotope Technique

Preference for foreign milk products is the cause of the economically motivated adulteration of milk products on the Chinese market. 42 milk samples from the United States of America, Canada, Southern China, Northern China, Australia and New Zealand were analyzed using δ2H and δ18O stable isotope technique to differentiate the origin of milk products. An isotope ratio mass spectrometer with a combination of a high-temperature conversion elemental analyzer, Thermo-Fisher was used. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA. The study revealed δ2H and δ18O had a wide range of mean values: 13.86 to 22.25‰ and -82.86 to -28.5‰, respectively. There was a significant difference in the δ2H (n=7; F=20880, P=7.876E-43) and δ18O (n=7; F=1399.0; P=9.215E-29) composition of the milk samples from the different regions. It was observed that δ2H and δ18O composition is helpful in elucidating milk products from different regions on the Chinese market (P<0.05).

Incidence of Aflatoxin M1 in Thai Milk Products

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1010-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
KRIENGSAG SAITANU
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Powdered Milk ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Sterilized Milk

Two hundred seventy samples of raw milk and off-the-shelf milk products were examined for aflatoxin M1 content using a radioimmunoassay. Aflatoxin M1 was found in the majority of milk samples except 1 sample of raw milk and 11 samples of imported powdered milk. All cases of aflatoxin M1 content greater than 0.5 ppb were found in 18% (48) of the samples including raw milk (17/67), pasteurized milk (20/63), ultra high temperature milk (7/60), sterilized milk (3/60), and pelleted milk (1/7). All powdered milk samples were negative for aflatoxin M1 except two samples with less than 0.1 ppb. The positive aflatoxin M1 test results for five of the raw milk samples were confirmed by HPLC.

Aflatoxin M in Perspective1

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEONARD STOLOFF
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Commercial Milk

The steps are presented from the discovery of aflatoxin M1 in the milk of a cow fed “toxic” peanut meal to the determination of its relation to aflatoxin B1 and the relation of aflatoxin M1 to other animal metabolites of aflatoxin B1. Estimates from controlled studies are given of the level and amount of aflatoxin M1 to be expected in the milk of cows exposed to aflatoxin B1 in their feed, followed by numerous survey results that corroborate the conclusion from the experimental estimates: levels of aflatoxin B1 in uncontrolled dairy ration ingredients are sufficiently high to result in measurable aflatoxin M1 ( &gt; 0.1 ng/ml) in commercial milk supplies. Because the Food and Drug Administration has been unable to prevent occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk in the United States by attempting to control the feed, an administrative guideline has been established at 0.5 ppb for aflatoxin M1 in fluid milk products; consideration is being given to related guidelines for products manufactured from milk.

Residual Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Pasteurized Milk Heated at Various Temperatures—Measurement with the Fluorophos and Scharer Rapid Phosphatase Tests

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL D. ANGELINO ◽  
GENEVIEVE L. CHRISTEN ◽  
MARJORIE P. PENFIELD ◽  
SAMUEL BEATTIE
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Fluorometric Method ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Alp Activity ◽  
Heated Milk ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Different Temperatures

Milk containing three levels of milkfat (skim [0.5%], lowfat [2.0%], and whole [3.25%]) were heat treated at five different temperatures (59, 61, 63, 65, and 67°C) using a laboratory scale, batch pasteurization method. Heated milk samples were removed at 5-min intervals, immediately cooled, and then assayed using the quantitative fluorometric method and the qualitative Scharer rapid test. Mean alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity values as measured with the Fluorophos method decreased in all milk preparations as the time of sampling and temperature of heating increased. Samples representing the three fat levels and heat treated at 63°C for 30 min, the minimum time/temperature allowed by the 1995 pasteurized milk ordinance (PMO), had ALP activity values &lt;100 mU/liter. All values were below the 350 mU/liter standard for fluid milk products established by the Food and Drug Administration and cited in the 1995 PMO. Evaluation of the milks for adequacy of pasteurization with the Scharer rapid method indicated that those same milks were adequately pasteurized.

scholarly journals Evaluation and Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Milk Products in Yemen Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Safwan Murshed
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Acceptable Range ◽  
Liquid Milk

Aflatoxin M1 is one of the major fungal contaminants found in dairy products around the globe. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence and occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in samples of milk and milk products in Yemen. The tested dairy product samples were collected from different sources for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in Yemen. A total of 250 local and imported samples consisting of 38 liquid milk, 60 powder milk, 62 yogurt, and 90 cheese samples which are marketed throughout Yemen were tested by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) along with a fluorescence detector and immunoaffinity column purification for detection of AFM1. High levels of AFM1 were detected in preserved milk (77.24%), ranging from 0.021 μg/L to 5.95 μg/L. On the other hand, AFM1 was detected in 66.66% and 68.42% in powdered milk and liquid milk samples, respectively. Among dairy products, 87.09% of yogurt and 81.39% of cheese samples were found contaminated with AFM1. The AMF1 values were higher than the acceptable range for humans set by the European Union. So, we concluded that dairy products used in Yemen showed an AFM1 content beyond the acceptable range, and this is a major factor for causing health-related complications including cancer. In the present study, we reported for the first time the presence of mycotoxins especially AFM1 in dairy products used in Yemen.

Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Pasteurized Milk of the School Milk Project in Thailand

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1761-1763 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUTHEP RUANGWISES ◽  
NONGLUCK RUANGWISES
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Regulatory Limits ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Quality Of Milk

Concentrations of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) were determined in 150 pasteurized milk samples from the School Milk Project in Thailand. Milk samples were collected from 50 schools in the Central region of Thailand in three seasons: summer (May to June 2006), the rainy season (August to September 2006), and winter (December 2006 to January 2007). AFM1 was isolated by using an immunoaffinity column and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. All of the 150 pasteurized milk samples were contaminated with AFM1, and the concentrations were within the U.S. regulatory limit of 0.5 μg/liter. The highest concentration of AFM1 found in school milk samples was 0.114 μg/liter. The mean concentration of AFM1 in milk samples collected in winter was significantly higher than the mean concentrations found in the rainy season and summer. Further monitoring of school milk to evaluate the status of contamination of AFM1 is necessary, with a special emphasis on samples collected in the rainy season and winter. Thailand is one of several countries that have no regulatory limits for AFM1 in milk and milk products. The results of this study suggest that safety limits for AFM1 are needed for regulating and ensuring the quality of milk and milk products in Thailand.

scholarly journals Prevalence of IgG and IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 among clinic staff and patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Inyama Asuquo ◽  
Emmanuel Effa ◽  
Akaninyene Otu ◽  
Okokon Ita ◽  
Ubong Udoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Healthcare Facility ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Community Transmission

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now a pandemic with devastating social and economic consequences. The extent of the spread of COVID-19 within populations is uncertain since diagnostic tests have not been carried out on all eligible persons and doing such diagnostic tests on everyone is much less feasible in developing countries such as Nigeria. Tests for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, are more affordable, readily available, and require minimal training than current diagnostic tests. Employing a seroepidemiological strategy, serological tests were conducted on 66 volunteering staff and patients at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH), a Federal Government owned tertiary healthcare facility, to determine the extent of exposure to SARS-CoV-2, from 17th to 25th June 2020. Using a COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test Cassette with emergency use authorization (EUA) from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States, it was observed that of the 66 samples tested, 5 (7.6%) were both IgG and IgM positive and 17 (26%) were IgG positive. Moreover, for 44 of the 66 participants, simultaneous tests were carried out using a rapid test kit from a different manufacturer but without FDA-EUA and all the results completely matched with the FDA-EUA kit, except one case where the FDA-EUA kit showed positive for both IgG and IgM while the other kit was positive only for IgM. The 26% positive IgG indicates a high exposure rate for the hospital staff and patients and points to community transmission where the facility is situated. Hence, immediate activation of WHO guidelines for controlling community transmission is called for. These results can further serve as a pilot study to guide public health policies in response to COVID-19 pandemic in both the general population and in healthcare settings.

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