scholarly journals Seroprevalence of hepatitis E among restaurant food handlers in Ibadan, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeola Fowotade ◽  
Akande Oluseyi ◽  
Adebimpe T. Gbaja ◽  
Victoria O. Ogunleye ◽  
Ayomide Ajayi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Igm Antibodies

 Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the causative agent of acute viral hepatitis in humans. HEV is an important public health disease in many parts of the world because it is transmitted faeco-orally.  Majority of the documented studies on hepatitis E virus in Nigeria have focused on pregnant women and animal handlers with limited data among food handlers. Thus the current study aimed at investigating the prevalence of HEV infection among food handlers operating within the premises of a tertiary care facility.Methods: One hundred and seventy seven (177) food handlers were screened using commercial Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) to detect IgM antibodies to Hepatitis E. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess risk factors for HEV infection.Results: HEV IgM antibodies were detected in 16 (9.0%) of the participants. Age-specific HEV IgM seroprevalence appeared to decrease with age, however there were no significant differences in HEV IgM seropositivity regarding age (P=0.251), gender (P = 0.231), marital status (P=0.735) and religion (P = 0.906). Significant risk factors for HEV IgM seropositivity included source of water for drinking (P=0.03) and the use of soap for hand washing (P=0.02).Conclusion: Our findings suggest that HEV remains a public health problem, as the virus circulates at low but considerable levels especially among food handlers; thus posing a threat to potential contacts. Proper hand washing practices as well as provision of portable water are important factors for the control of Hepatitis E.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Associated Risk Factors of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Plateau State, Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. VRT.S15422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surajudeen A. Junaid ◽  
Samuel E. Agina ◽  
Khadijah A. Abubakar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Animal Handlers

A cross-sectional study in Nigeria was undertaken to determine the epidemiology, seroprevalence, and associated risk factors, of hepatitis E virus (HEV). A total of 462 subjects were used for the study, categorized into four groups: apparently healthy persons, pregnant women, HIV positive subjects, and animal handlers. Information was obtained from subjects using interviewer-administered questionnaire. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for HEV antibodies (IgG and IgM) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Results obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 statistical software. The overall seroprevalence of IgG and IgM was 42.7 and 0.9%, respectively. Animal handlers had the highest seroprevalence (66.7%). The associated risk factors for IgM seroprevalence were rural dwelling ( P = 0.039, odds ratio (OR) 3.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.7–15.4), blood transfusion ( P < 0.001, OR 9.6, 95% CI 2.6–35.6), attending to animals ( P = 0.032, OR 4.9, 95% CI 0.9–26.6), and waste disposal ( P < 0.001). Factors associated with IgG were age ( P = 0.044), location ( P < 0.001), marital status ( P < 0.001), formal education ( P < 0.001), farming as occupation ( P < 0.001), rural dwelling ( P = 0.001), waste disposal ( P < 0.001), alcohol consumption ( P = 0.001, OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.4–4.0), open defecation ( P < 0.001, OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.4–5.7), attending to animals ( P < 0.001, OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.6–3.4), consuming unwashed fruits/vegetables ( P < 0.001, OR 4.2, 95% CI 0.3–54.1), and stream/river as a source of drinking water ( P < 0.001, OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.6–7.8). Preventive public health measures should be reinforced among all communities, particularly domestic animal handlers and pregnant women. Potable water should be provided for all communities. Data suggest that HEV remains an under-recognized and significant public health problem, warranting further attention and research.

scholarly journals Frequency and Risk Factors of Diabetic Complications among Selected Group of Diabetic Patients: Real-life Scenario from a Developing Country, Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasna Fahmima Haque ◽  
Farhana Afroz ◽  
Samira Rahat Afroze ◽  
Palash Mitra ◽  
Muhammad Abdur Rahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Diabetic Complications ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
Complications Of Diabetes

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major global public health problem and its complications like coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, amputations, nephropathy and retinopathy are alarming public health issues. These complications result in significant morbidity, mortality and huge economic burden for the patient and society. This current study aimed to evaluate the frequency of different diabetic complications and their risk factors in a real-life setting.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in BIRDEM General Hospital from July to December 2015. Diagnosed adult diabetic patients of either sex irrespective of duration and type of diabetes were consecutively and purposively included in this study. Enrolled patients were evaluated clinically and by laboratory investigation.Results: Total patients were 400 with female predominance (57.8%). Mean age was 54.5±10.9 years. Majority (57.5%) were from urban areas, 82% had hypertension and 37.5% had dyslipidaemia. Mean duration of diabetes was 11.6±7.6 years, mean body mass index was 24.6±4.5 kg/m2, mean HbA1c was 9.1±2.0%. Nephopathy (42.5%) was the commonest complication followed by retinopathy (37.8%), neuropathy (29.8%), CAD (25.8%), peripheral vascular disease (14%) and stroke (11%). Long duration (?5 yrs) and poor control of diabetes (HbA1c?7%), family history of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and male sex were significant risk factors for diabetic complications.Conclusions: Complications of diabetes are common. Glycaemic control and control of hypertension, dyslipidaemia and weight management may halt or delay the development of complications of diabetes. Patient education is of paramount importance in this regard.Birdem Med J 2017; 7(2): 143-147

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Analysis and Characterization of the Complete Hepatitis E Virus Genome (Zoonotic Genotype 3) in Swine Samples from Mexico

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Sotomayor-González ◽  
María Trujillo-Ortega ◽  
Blanca Taboada-Ramírez ◽  
Carlos Sandoval-Jaime ◽  
Rosa Sarmiento-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Complete Sequence ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Bile Sample ◽  
Genotype 2

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging public health problem with an estimated 20 million infections each year. In Mexico, Orthohepevirus A, genotype 2, has been reported in humans, but genotype 3 has only been reported in swine (zoonotic). No diagnostic tests are publicly available in Mexico, and only partial sequences have been reported from swine samples. Hence, research is necessary to determine circulating strains, understand the features and dynamics of infection on pig farms, determine how to implement surveillance programs, and to assess public health risks. In this study, a next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach was applied to obtain a complete genome of swine HEV. Liver, feces, and bile samples were taken at slaughterhouses and a farm in Mexico. RT-PCR was used to determine positive samples and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Of the 64 slaughterhouse samples, one bile sample was positive (B1r) (1.56%). Of 21 sample pools from farm animals, 14 were positive (66.66%), representing all stages of production. A complete sequence strain MXCDg3_B1c|_2016 was obtained from the bile of a domestic swine in the fattening stage. In addition, two partial sequences—MXCDg3_H2cons|_2016 (1473 nt) and MXCDg3_C3Acons|_2016 (4777 nt)—were obtained from sampled farm animals. Comparison with all reported genome HEV sequences showed similarity to genotype 3 subgenotype a (G3a), which has been previously reported in acute cases of human hepatitis in the US, Colombia, China, and Japan.

scholarly journals Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and associated risk factors of Salmonella and Shigella among food handlers in Adigrat University student’s cafeteria, Northern Ethiopia, 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haftom Legese ◽  
Tsega Kahsay ◽  
Aderajew Gebrewahd ◽  
Birhane Berhe ◽  
Berhane Fiseha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Abstract Background : Food handlers play a significant role in the transmission of foodborne infection. Salmonella and Shigella are the most common foodborne pathogens and their infections are a major public health problem of the globe. Thus, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and associated risk factors of Salmonella and Shigella among food handlers. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to August 2018 at Adigrat University student cafeteria, Northern Ethiopia. Data on socio-demographic and associated risk factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. Fresh stool samples were collected from 301 food handlers and transported to Adigrat University Microbiology Laboratory. Bacterial isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility test were performed using standard bacteriological methods. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 22 and P < 0.05 with a corresponding 95% confidence interval was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 301 food handlers were included in this study. The majority of study participants were females 265 (88.0 %). About 22 (7.3%) and 11 (3.7%) of food handlers were found to be positive for Salmonella and Shigella respectively. Hand washing after using a bathroom with water only, hand washing after using the bathroom, hand washing after touching dirty materials, hand washing before food handling and fingernails status were significant associated risk factors identified. None of the Salmonella and Shigella isolates were sensitive to ampicillin. On the other hand, low resistance was found for chloramphenicol , ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: The present study revealed that the prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella among food handlers found to be 22 (7.3%) and 11 (3.7%) respectively. Such infected food handlers can contaminate food, drinks and could serve as a source of infection to consumers via the food chain. This indicates that the need for strengthened infection control measures to prevent Salmonella and Shigella transmission in the students’ cafeteria.

scholarly journals HAVING CONTACT HISTORY WITH TB ACTIVE CASES AND MALNUTRITION AS RISK FACTORS OF TB INCIDENCE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN NORTH SUMATERA, INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 192-198
Author(s):  
Frans Yosep Sitepu ◽  
Wiwit Aditama ◽  
Elpiani Depari
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. It is carrying a heavy public health problem burden in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the risk of poor knowledge of TB, socioeconomic status, malnutrition and contact history with TB cases with the incidence of TB in Medan. This was a cross sectional study conducted between May – August 2019 in Medan municipality, in the three highest TB cases incidence public health centers (puskesmas). Structural interviews were conducted to solicit demographic data, clinical data, as well as the risk factors. Logistic regression was conducted to assess the potential risk factors associated with the infection. We enrolled 260 clinically suspected cases of TB, comprising 135 (51.9%) cases positive for TB and 125 (48.1%) cases negative for TB. In multivariate model, those who had contact history with active TB cases and those who malnourished had higher odds of having TB infection, with adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 5.58 (95%CI:3.13–9.93) and aOR: 3.36 (95%CI: 1.87–6.02), respectively. Having contact history with TB active case and malnutrition were the most significant risk factors of TB incidence in Medan municipality, North Sumatera, Indonesia. Therefore, educating patients on the importance of cough or sneezes etiquette procedures including use of face masks to minimize the risk of infection.

scholarly journals Advances in Studies on Hepatitis E Virus

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
Weiying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Aged People ◽  
Sporadic Infection

Abstract Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is transmitted mainly through food and water sources. HEV is a major public health problem faced by developing countries. HEV causes large outbreaks of hepatitis E (HE) or acute sporadic infection. HEV can also lead to chronic infection. HEV mainly affects the young, middle-aged people, and pregnant women, who especially display high rates of infection. This study reviews HE while considering its biological characteristics, clinical symptoms, epidemic characteristics, vaccine, and detection methods.

scholarly journals A study of maternal factors influencing birth weight in newborn in a tertiary care hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1810
Author(s):  
Anu M. S. ◽  
Aravinth Senguttuvan ◽  
Dheepane K. ◽  
N. S. Raghupathy
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Maternal Factors ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Mother’S Age

Background: Low birth weight (LBW) is a major public health problem which needs to be addressed. The maternal factors play a major role in the child’s weight. The main aim is to identify the risk factors in the mother and appropriately manage so as to reduce the effects on children. Aim was to study the maternal risk factors influencing the weight of the baby in a tertiary care hospital at Pondicherry.Methods: A total of 225 babies were included in the study. Birth weight was recorded within 30 minutes after birth. Mother’s details were collected using a questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 21.Results: A total of 225 babies and their mothers were enrolled in the study where 124 were males and 101 were females. 204 were term and 21 were preterm. Mean age of the mothers was 22.52±3.33 years, mean weight noted was 62.94±10.09 kg and mean height was 160.1±7.15 cm. The study showed associations between birth weight and mother’s age, weight, height, hemoglobin (Hb) %, birth interval, income, bad obstetric history and complications.Conclusions: This study concluded that maternal factors are associated with birth weight owing to mother’s age, weight, height, anemia, birth interval, bad obstetric history with complications and family income. This calls for better management of mothers at the initial stages of pregnancy to reduce LBW and morbidity and mortality. Health education and large-scale awareness programs implementation can reduce and prevent this public health problem.

scholarly journals Prevalensi Telur Ascaris lumbricoides dan Trichuris trichiura pada Kotoran Kuku Tangan Murid Kelas I, II, dan III SD Negeri 013 Meranti Pandak Kecamatan Rumbai Pesisir Pekanbaru Serta Gambaran Faktor Risiko

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Dwi Julianika Putri ◽  
Suri Dwi Lesmana ◽  
Tuti Restuastuti
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Trichuris Trichiura ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Class I ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Modification Method

Ascaris lumbricoides ( A.lumbricoides ) and Trichuris trichiura ( T.trichiura ) are Soil Transmitted Helminth. Infectiondue to these worms still become a public health problem in Indonesia especially in students at elementary schools.The purpose of this research is to know the prevalence of students with positive A.lumbricoides and T.trichiura egg intheir nail’s dirt and the risk factors that affected it. Data was collected by questionaire and by examining the nail’s dirtusing Ismid’s Modification Method to all of class I,II,III students with inclusion criteria (177 students ). The prevalenceof students with positive A. lumbricoides dan T. trichiura eggs in nail dirt was 44.06% and 2.82%. The prevalence ofA.lumbricoides and T.trichiura are higher at boys (58.16%), which are influenced by the parent’s education and socioeconomical condition. The most cases was found in students with bad habit of family’s toilet, hand washing aftertoilet, often play in ground, and the habit of nail-cutting.

Substance Abuse and Drug-Related Death, Suicidal Ideation, and Suicide: A Review

Crisis ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Mino ◽  
Arnaud Bousquet ◽  
Barbara Broers
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Family Support ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Hiv Epidemic

The high mortality rate among drug users, which is partly due to the HIV epidemic and partly due to drug-related accidental deaths and suicides, presents a major public health problem. Knowing more about prevalence, incidence, and risk factors is important for the development of rational preventive and therapeutic programs. This article attempts to give an overview of studies of the relations between substance abuse, suicidal ideation, suicide, and drug-related death. Research in this field is hampered by the absence of clear definitions, and results of studies are rarely comparable. There is, however, consensus about suicidal ideation being a risk factor for suicide attempts and suicide. Suicidal ideation is also a predictor of suicide, especially among drug users. It is correlated with an absence of family support, with the severity of the psychosocial dysfunctioning, and with multi-drug abuse, but also with requests for treatment. Every clinical examination of a drug user, not only of those who are depressed, should address the possible presence of suicidal ideation, as well as its intensity and duration.

MEASLES OUTBREAK IN A RURAL AREA OF A DEVELOPING COUNTRY: A CASE CONTROL STUDY

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-201
Author(s):  
Mir M Hassan Bullo ◽  
Mirza Amir Baig ◽  
Jawad Faisal Malik ◽  
Ejaz Ahmad Khan ◽  
Muazam Abbas Ranjha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Maculopapular Rash ◽  
Healthcare Facility ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
District Health ◽  
Active Case

Background: Measles is highly contagious vaccine preventable disease (VPD), and a major public health problem considered as leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries like Pakistan. An outbreak of measles was reported in Sharifabad Islamabad on 15th of April 2017, and an investigation was launched to assess the magnitude of outbreak, evaluate risk factors and recommend control measures. Methods: A comprehensive house to house active case search along with vaccine coverage survey was conducted from April 19-22, 2017. A case was defined as "onset of maculopapular rash with fever in a resident of Sharifabad with at least one of the following signs/ symptoms, Coryza, Conjunctivitis, Cough, Otitis media or Pneumonia present in between 19 March to 22nd April 2017". Four age & sex matched controls were selected from the neighborhood. Data was collected through interview method using structured questionnaire and vaccination coverage was determined by using Epi survey form. Blood samples were sent for laboratory confirmation. Results: A total of eight cases were identified through active case finding while three were reported by local practitioner. Mean age of cases were 20 months (range 8-36 months). Severely affected age-group was 1-2 years with attack rate of 46%. Around two-third (64%) of cases and a few (16%) of controls were unvaccinated against measles. Contact with measles patient [OR 25.2, CI 3.9-160.1, P=0.00], unvaccinated children [OR 9.2 CI 2.12-40.4, P=0.000], social misconception regarding vaccination [OR 7.8 CI 1.42-42.6, P=0.00], and distance from healthcare facility [OR 5.7 CI 1.15-28.35, P=0.02] were significant risk factors. Vaccine efficacy was 90%. Conclusion: Main reasons of the outbreak were contact with the cases, and low vaccination status. We recommended comprehensive measles vaccination and community awareness sessions. On our recommendations district health authority Islamabad carried out mop up of whole area.

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