The Effects of Fuel Composition, System Design, and Operating Conditions on In-System Vaporization and Hot Start of a Liquid-Phase LPG Injection System

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry R. Lutz ◽  
Rudolf H. Stanglmaier ◽  
Ronald D. Matthews ◽  
Jim “Turbo” Cohen ◽  
Ryan Wicker
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
System Design ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Hot Start

scholarly journals Influence of the diesel pilot injector configuration on ethanol combustion and performance of a heavy-duty direct injection engine

2021 ◽  
pp. 146808742110012
Author(s):  
Nicola Giramondi ◽  
Anders Jäger ◽  
Daniel Norling ◽  
Anders Christiansen Erlandsson
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
High Load ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Diesel Combustion ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Pure Ethanol ◽  
Ethanol Combustion

Thanks to its properties and production pathways, ethanol represents a valuable alternative to fossil fuels, with potential benefits in terms of CO2, NOx, and soot emission reduction. The resistance to autoignition of ethanol necessitates an ignition trigger in compression-ignition engines for heavy-duty applications, which in the current study is a diesel pilot injection. The simultaneous direct injection of pure ethanol as main fuel and diesel as pilot fuel through separate injectors is experimentally investigated in a heavy-duty single cylinder engine at a low and a high load point. The influence of the nozzle hole number and size of the diesel pilot injector on ethanol combustion and engine performance is evaluated based on an injection timing sweep using three diesel injector configurations. The tested configurations have the same geometric total nozzle area for one, two and four diesel sprays. The relative amount of ethanol injected is swept between 78 – 89% and 91 – 98% on an energy basis at low and high load, respectively. The results show that mixing-controlled combustion of ethanol is achieved with all tested diesel injector configurations and that the maximum combustion efficiency and variability levels are in line with conventional diesel combustion. The one-spray diesel injector is the most robust trigger for ethanol ignition, as it allows to limit combustion variability and to achieve higher combustion efficiencies compared to the other diesel injector configurations. However, the two- and four-spray diesel injectors lead to higher indicated efficiency levels. The observed difference in the ethanol ignition dynamics is evaluated and compared to conventional diesel combustion. The study broadens the knowledge on ethanol mixing-controlled combustion in heavy-duty engines at various operating conditions, providing the insight necessary for the optimization of the ethanol-diesel dual-injection system.

scholarly journals High Pressure Photoreduction of CO2: Effect of Catalyst Formulation, Hole Scavenger Addition and Operating Conditions

Catalysts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elnaz Bahadori ◽  
Antonio Tripodi ◽  
Alberto Villa ◽  
Carlo Pirola ◽  
Laura Prati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Flame Spray ◽  
Co2 Solubility ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Solubility In Water ◽  
Hole Scavenger ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals

The photoreduction of CO2 is an intriguing process which allows the synthesis of fuels and chemicals. One of the limitations for CO2 photoreduction in the liquid phase is its low solubility in water. This point has been here addressed by designing a fully innovative pressurized photoreactor, allowing operation up to 20 bar and applied to improve the productivity of this very challenging process. The photoreduction of CO2 in the liquid phase was performed using commercial TiO2 (Evonink P25), TiO2 obtained by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) and gold doped P25 (0.2 wt% Au-P25) in the presence of Na2SO3 as hole scavenger (HS). The different reaction parameters (catalyst concentration, pH and amount of HS) have been addressed. The products in liquid phase were mainly formic acid and formaldehyde. Moreover, for longer reaction time and with total consumption of HS, gas phase products formed (H2 and CO) after accumulation of significant number of organic compounds in the liquid phase, due to their consecutive photoreforming. Enhanced CO2 solubility in water was achieved by adding a base (pH = 12–14). In basic environment, CO2 formed carbonates which further reduced to formaldehyde and formic acid and consequently formed CO/CO2 + H2 in the gas phase through photoreforming. The deposition of small Au nanoparticles (3–5 nm) (NPs) onto TiO2 was found to quantitatively influence the products distribution and increase the selectivity towards gas phase products. Significant energy storage in form of different products has been achieved with respect to literature results.

Evaluation of Fuel Preparation Systems for Lean Premixing-Prevaporizing Combustors

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-395
Author(s):  
W. J. Dodds ◽  
E. E. Ekstedt
Keyword(s):  
System Design ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Fuel Injectors ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Mixture Preparation ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
System Length

A series of tests was conducted to provide data for the design of premixing-prevaporizing fuel-air mixture preparation systems for aircraft gas turbine engine combustors. Fifteen configurations of four different fuel-air mixture preparation system design concepts were evaluated to determine fuel-air mixture uniformity at the system exit over a range of conditions representative of cruise operation for a modern commercial turbofan engine. Operating conditions, including pressure, temperature, fuel-air ratio, and velocity had no clear effect on mixture uniformity in systems which used low-pressure fuel injectors. However, performance of systems using pressure atomizing fuel nozzles and large-scale mixing devices was shown to be sensitive to operating conditions. Variations in system design variables were also evaluated and correlated. Mixture uniformity improved with increased system length, pressure drop, and number of fuel injection points per unit area. A premixing system compatible with the combustor envelope of a typical combustion system and capable of providing mixture nonuniformity (standard deviation/mean) below 15% over a typical range of cruise operating conditions was demonstrated.

Experimental and Analytical Characterization of Alternative Aviation Fuel Sprays Under Realistic Operating Conditions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Corber ◽  
Nader Rizk ◽  
Wajid Ali Chishty
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Laser Sheet ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Diagnostic System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Test Time

The National Jet Fuel Combustion Program (NJFCP) is an initiative, currently being led by the Office of Environment & Energy at the FAA, to streamline the ASTM jet fuels certification process for alternative aviation fuels. In order to accomplish this objective, the program has identified specific applied research tasks in several areas. The National Research Council of Canada (NRC) is contributing to the NJFCP in the areas of sprays and atomization and high altitude engine performance. This paper describes work pertaining to atomization tests using a reference injection system. The work involves characterization of the injection nozzle, comparison of sprays and atomization quality of various conventional and alternative fuels, as well as use of the experimental data to validate spray correlations. The paper also briefly explores the application viability of a new spray diagnostic system that has potential to reduce test time in characterizing sprays. Measurements were made from ambient up to 10 bar pressures in NRC’s High Pressure Spray Facility using optical diagnostics including laser diffraction, phase Doppler anemometry (PDA), LIF/Mie Imaging and laser sheet imaging to assess differences in the atomization characteristics of the test fuels. A total of nine test fluids including six NJFCP fuels and three calibration fluids were used. The experimental data was then used to validate semi-empirical models, developed through years of experience by engine OEMs and modified under NJFCP, for predicting droplet size and distribution. The work offers effective tools for developing advanced fuel injectors, and generating data that can be used to significantly enhance multi-dimensional combustor simulation capabilities.

Research on Combined Processing Technology of Superficial Layers Hardened Steel

2016 ◽  
Vol 841 ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Petrică Corabieru ◽  
Stefan Velicu ◽  
Anişoara Corabieru ◽  
Dan Dragos Vasilescu ◽  
Ionel Păunescu
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Hold Time ◽  
Hardened Steel ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Durability Analysis ◽  
Machined Parts

The novelty technology lies in the fact that the hardening of the surface layers is carried out both in liquid phase and in the solid state. Technology comprises three main stages with 12 technological phases.Experimentation highlights the viability of the technological procedure. The results of tests and verifications are the basis of the analysis of combined machined parts behavior in conditions similar to the operating conditions and of the analysis of the dependence between operation behavior and durability. Analysis of the results revealed the fact that failure to technological parameters: casting temperature; hold time at high temperatures; cooling rate after microalloying in liquid phase, gives rise to possible faults of the combined treated parts.

New Concept of a Micro Gas Turbine Based Co-Generation Package for Performance Improvement in Practical Use

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenichiro Mochizuki ◽  
Satoshi Shibata ◽  
Umeo Inoue ◽  
Toshiaki Tsuchiya ◽  
Hiroko Sotouchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Steam Generator ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Heat Recovery Steam Generator ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine

As the energy consumption has been increasing rapidly in the commercial sector in Japan, the market potential for the micro gas turbine is significant and it will be realized substantially if the thermal efficiency is improved. One of measures is to introduce the steam injection system using the steam generated by the heat recovery steam generator. Steam injection tests have been carried out using a micro gas turbine (Capstone C60). Test results showed that key performance parameters such as power output, thermal efficiency and emissions were improved by the steam injection. The stable operation of micro gas turbine with steam injection was confirmed under various operating conditions. Consequently, a micro gas turbine based co-generation package with steam injection driven by a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) with supplementary firing is proposed.

scholarly journals FPGA Based Engine Control Module for Fuel Injection System

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 3888-3892
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Fuel Injection System ◽  
Engine Control ◽  
Computationally Efficient ◽  
Control Module ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Ecm Architecture

Fuel injection system is an indispensible part of the present day automobiles. The depletion of the fuels along with continuous surge in the fuel prices has made it imperative to use fuel economically and restricting the wastage to a minimum. Contrary to the carburetor, using predefined amount of fuel irrespective of the environment, Fuel Injection System uses just the required amount of fuel based on the operating conditions as sensed by the Engine Control Module (ECM). Numerous parameters are required to be sensed by the ECM to achieve optimum efficiency of the engine. To handle the processing of such large number of parameters, a robust architecture is required. This paper presents the design and implementation of ECM utilized in Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) system on a Field Programmable Gate Array. The ECM architecture discussed in the proposed system is computationally efficient enough to fulfill ever-increasing functionalities of the ECM. The main objective of this research is to sense the parameters required for the ECM analysis and to interpret and analyze this data and accordingly control the solenoid (actuator). The CAN controller is also deployed in an FPGA to facilitate the communication between ECM and Human Machine Interface (HMI) to indicate the parameters sensed by the sensor on the LCD. The target device (FPGA) for this work is Xilinx Spartan 3E and the design tool is Xilinx ISE 14.7 with the ECM and CAN controller being modeled in Verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL).

scholarly journals Process Analysis of PMMA Dental Resins Scraps Depolimerization: Optimization of Reaction Time and Temperature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Bisi dos Santos Jr. ◽  
Haroldo Jorge da Silva Ribeiro ◽  
Armando Costa Ferreira ◽  
Caio Campos Ferreira ◽  
Lucas Pinto Bernar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Dental Resins ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
The Cross

In this work, the cross-linked PMMA-based dental resins scraps were submitted to pyrolysis to recover MMA (Methylmethacrylate). The thermal degradation of cross-linked PMMA-based dental resins scraps was analyzed by TG/DTG to guide the operating conditions in pilot scale. The pyrolysis experiments carried out in a reactor of 143L, at 345, 405, and 420°C, 1.0 atmosphere. The reaction liquid products obtained at 345°C, physicochemical characterized for density, kinematic viscosity, and refractive index. The chemical composition of liquid products obtained at 345°C, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 110 minutes, at 405°C, 50, 70, and 130 minutes, and at 420°C, 40, 50, 80, 100, 110, and 130 minutes determined by GC-MS. The experiments show that liquid phase yields were 55.50%, 48.73%, and 48.20% (wt.), at 345, 405, and 420°C, respectively, showing a smooth sigmoid behavior, decreasing with increasing temperature, while that of gas phase were 31.69%, 36.60%, and 40.13% (wt.), respectively, increasing with temperature. The liquid products density, kinematic viscosity, and refractive index obtained at 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 110 minutes, varied between 0.9227 and 0.9380 g/mL, 0.566 and 0.588 mm2/s, and 1.401 and 1.414, respectively, showing percentage deviations between 0.74 and 2.36%, 7.40 and 10.86%, and 0.00 and 0.92%, respectively, compared to standard values for density, kinematic viscosity, and refractive index of pure MMA at 20 °C. The GC-MS identified in the reaction liquid products at 345, 405, and 420°C, 1.0 atm, esters of carboxylic acids, alcohols, ketones, and aromatics, showing concentrations of MMA between 83.454 and 98.975% (area.). For all the depolymerization experiments, the concentrations of MMA in the liquid phase, between 30 and 80 minutes, reach purities above 98% (area.), decreasing drastically with increasing reaction time after 100 minutes, thus making it possible to depolymerize the cross-linked PMMA-based dental resins scraps by pyrolysis to recover MMA. The optimum operating conditions to achieve high MMA concentrations, as well as elevated yields of liquid reaction products were 345 °C and 80 minutes.

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