Limiting Factors on Steady-State Thermal Reactor Performance

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Kadlec ◽  
Everett A. Sondreal ◽  
Donald J. Patterson ◽  
Marshall W. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Thermal Reactor ◽  
Reactor Performance

Multiobjective Dynamic Optimization of an Industrial Steam Reformer with Genetic Algorithms

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Alizadeh ◽  
Navid Mostoufi ◽  
Farhang Jalali-Farahani
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Dynamic Optimization ◽  
Synthesis Gas ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Dynamic Condition ◽  
Homogeneous Model ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Reactor Performance ◽  
Steady State Condition ◽  
Steam Reformer

An industrial steam reformer of a methanol plant was modeled at a dynamic condition in which a one dimensional homogeneous model was coupled with a verified kinetics from the literature. A close agreement was observed between the results of the model and industrial data from a real plant at steady state conditions. The open loop response of the system to switching between two operating conditions was investigated and shown that the produced synthesis gas during the transition period would be unsuitable for the downstream methanol converter. The genetic algorithm was then employed to perform a multi-objective dynamic optimization on the reactor performance in case of switching the feed and operating conditions. Maximization of methane conversion and minimization of a stoichiometric parameter, were considered as the two objectives' functions that were optimized for a fixed feed rate of methane to the existing unit. The results of the dynamic optimization for the specified reformer configuration were achieved after switching the operating condition. Results of the optimization showed that the produced synthesis gas would stay in its acceptable limits in terms of quality of the feed of the methanol converter and also, the final conversion of the reformer would be improved compared to the steady state condition. This procedure could be applied to the advanced process control of the methanol plant.

scholarly journals Optimizing the Sodium Hydroxide Conversion Using Regression Analysis in CSTR

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 6789
Author(s):  
Mohammed K. Al Mesfer
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Feed Rate ◽  
Polynomial Model ◽  
Agitation Rate ◽  
Reactor Performance ◽  
Volume Dependence ◽  
Reaction Conversion ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Optimum Reaction

The current study deals with the maximization of NaOH conversion using step-wise regression analysis in a CSTR. The dependence of temperature, volume, agitation rate, and feed rate on reactor performance is examined as well as interaction outcome of the operating parameters. The concentration of the reactants was fixed at 0.1 M. The steady state conversion with respect to NaOH is analyzed to find the process performance. Step-wise regression analysis is used to remove an insignificant factors. The agitation rate (X2) and feed rate (X3) proved to have an insignificant influence on the reaction conversion at a significant level (α) of 5%. Consequently, the temperature (X1) and reaction volume (X4) were found to have significant effect on the reaction conversion using step-wise regression. The temperature and volume dependence on steady state NaOH conversion were described by a polynomial model of 2nd and 3rd order. A maximal steady state conversion equal to 63.15% was obtained. No improvement was found in reaction conversion with 3rd order polynomial, so the second order polynomial is considered as the optimum reaction conversion modal. It may be recommended that 2nd order regression polynomial model adequately represents the experimental data very well.

scholarly journals Microfiltration of oxidation pond effluent using single flexible tubular fabric membrane and polyelectrolyte dosage

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 181-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johari M. M. N. Megat ◽  
A. Jusoh ◽  
A. H. Ghazali ◽  
F. R. Ahmadun
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Oxidation Pond ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Steady State Flux ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Tubular Membranes

Membrane separation is an effective wastewater treatment alternative. However, as with all membrane processes, the fouling effect has always been one of the major limiting factors for their usage. Of the current available membrane modules, the tubular configuration is the least affected with fouling because of the relatively large passage. A novel approach of using tubular woven fabric membranes, naturally cheaper to produce, has been studied in treating secondary oxidation pond effluent. The membrane was prepared by sewing two strips of fabric, on both sides. Its tubular configuration is obtained by the flow of aqueous solution through, at an appropriate pressure and flow rate. Thus, there is no need for housing, as with most available tubular membranes in the market. Its flexible character also facilitates external mechanical cleansing. The fabric has pore sizes ranging between 20 and 40 μm. The effects of batch dosing the secondary pond effluent with Nalco Ultrion 8109W polyelectrolytes, with the main objective of improving filtrate flux, was investigated. The batch polyelectrolyte pretreatment, at three times the optimal dosage of floc jar test, showed a tremendous increase (five fold) on filtrate pseudo-steady-state flux. The pseudo-steady-state flux was 70 l/m2.h at 0.65 ml/l dosage.

Simultaneous Coke Reduction with Improved Syngas Production during Propane Steam Reforming using Forced CO2 Cycling

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Feraih S Alenazey ◽  
Chirag Dave ◽  
Said S.E.H. El-Nashaie ◽  
Alfred Susu ◽  
Adesoji A Adesina
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Catalyst Deactivation ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Catalyst Stability ◽  
Cycle Period ◽  
Petrochemical Plant ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Reactor Performance ◽  
Syngas Production

Carbon deposition during hydrocarbon steam reforming is often a major cause of pathological reactor performance and catalyst deactivation. In this paper, we report the effect of forced periodic cycling between propane-steam reforming feed and a carbon gasifying agent (CO2) as a novel reactor strategy to both improve product yield (H2 and CO) and catalyst longevity. Experiments were carried out over Co-Ni/Al2O3 catalyst in a fluidized bed reactor. Cycle period, ?, was varied between 5 to 20 mins at 5 different cycle splits, (0.1 ? s ? 0.9). Both H2 and CO formation rates were higher (up to 5-fold and more than 10-fold, respectively) than that attainable under steady-state operation at all periods investigated. In particular, the time-average H2:CO ratio was lower (< 3.0) than the steady-state equivalent for the pure propane steam reforming (14.0), although it increased monotonically with cycle split. Composition cycling with CO2 also improved catalyst stability and longevity compared to steady-state performance at the cycle periods examined. This strategic reactor operation is therefore a potentially useful key to green process engineering in the overall petrochemical plant design to effect greenhouse gas emission reduction.

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