Application of the Probability Theory to the Design Procedure of an Endurance Test Track Surface

1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ichiroh Kaneshige
Keyword(s):  
Probability Theory ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Endurance Test ◽  
Test Track ◽  
Track Surface

Integrating Dry Adhesives and Compliant Suspension for Track-Type Climbing Robots

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew W. Powelson ◽  
Wesley A. Demirjian ◽  
Stephen L. Canfield
Keyword(s):  
Design Procedure ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Adhesion Forces ◽  
Climbing Robots ◽  
Adhesive Material ◽  
Full Contact ◽  
Dry Adhesives ◽  
Track Surface ◽  
Vehicle Size ◽  
Adhesive Forces

Abstract Climbing robots using dry adhesives in the literature typically exhibit minimal payload and are considered useful for tasks involving light-weight sensors, such as surveillance or exploration. Existing designs demonstrate small payloads primarily because they either employ minimal adhesion area or fail to distribute the adhesion forces over the adhering region of these robots. Further, existing design methods do not demonstrate scalability of payload-to-vehicle size and, in fact, indicate that such robots are not scalable. However, dry adhesives routinely demonstrate adhering pressures in the range of 20–50 kPa which suggests that a 30 × 30 cm robot could have a payload on the order of 20–50 kg. This paper presents a step-by-step approach for designing track-type dry adhesive climbing robots to achieve high payloads. The aforementioned design steps are then experimentally validated, showing that high payloads should theoretically be possible when using dry adhesives to climb. By integrating a general adhesion model with a suspension system, this design procedure can be used to design climbing robots that distribute the payload over a large adhesive area. The models behind the design procedure (developed previously [1] but summarized here) simultaneously consider the behavior of both the adhesive material at the track-surface interface and the distribution of the adhesive forces over the full contact surface. When each of these criteria are satisfied, track-type climbing robots can be designed to carry high payloads, thus enabling applications previously thought to be impossible.

Five-Year Performance of Improved Open-Graded Friction Course on the NCAT Pavement Test Track

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (2) ◽  
pp. 544-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaoxing Xie ◽  
Nam Tran ◽  
Donald E. Watson ◽  
Lyndi Davis Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Design Procedure ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Mix Design ◽  
Department Of Transportation ◽  
Test Track ◽  
Research Cycle ◽  
Laboratory Test Results ◽  
Life Issues ◽  
Open Graded Friction Course

Open Graded Friction Course (OGFC) mixtures are used as the final riding surface on roadways as they offer many benefits, such as reducing hydroplaning, reducing splash and spray behind vehicles for improved driver visibility, improving wet-pavement friction, and reducing surface reflectivity during wet-weather conditions. Despite these benefits, the use of OGFC has diminished over the years due to durability and service-life issues. The typical OGFC pavements in Alabama have exhibited premature distresses (e.g., raveling) after approximately six or seven years in service. Therefore, there is a need to change the current OGFC mix design procedure to improve the mix durability. In this study, three modified OGFC mixtures were designed based on a 12.5-mm OGFC mix design previously approved by the Alabama Department of Transportation (ALDOT) and paved in three test sections (E9A, E9B, and E10) on the National Center for Asphalt Technology pavement test track to evaluate possible changes to ALDOT’s OGFC mix design procedure. The ALDOT-approved mix design lasted less than 20 million equivalent single-axle loads (ESALs) on I-85, a few miles from the test track, whereas the three modified OGFC mixtures lasted more than 20 million ESALs and remained in place for another research cycle (10 millions ESALs) on the test track. The three modified OGFC mixtures also showed improved laboratory performance characteristics compared with those of the ALDOT-approved OGFC mixture. Based on the field and laboratory test results, adjustments made in the three modified OGFC mixtures can potentially improve the long-term field performance of OGFC mixtures in Alabama.

Design of Track-Type Climbing Robots Using Dry Adhesives and Compliant Suspension for Scalable Payloads

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley Demirjian ◽  
Matthew Powelson ◽  
Stephen Canfield
Keyword(s):  
Design Procedure ◽  
Adhesive Tape ◽  
Adhesion Forces ◽  
Climbing Robots ◽  
Full Contact ◽  
Dry Adhesives ◽  
Track Surface ◽  
Small Robot ◽  
Vehicle Size ◽  
Robotic Applications

Abstract Climbing robots offer advanced motion capabilities to perform inspection, manufacturing, or rescue tasks. Climbing requires the robot to generate adhering forces with the climbing surface. Dry adhesives present a category of adhesion that could be advantageous for climbing a variety of surfaces. Current literature shows climbing robots using dry adhesives typically exhibit minimal payloads and are considered useful for tasks involving lightweight sensors, such as surveillance. However, dry adhesives routinely demonstrate adhering pressures in the range of 20–50 kPa, suggesting that a small robot (3 × 30 cm footprint, for example) could theoretically have a significant payload (in the order of 18–45 kg). Existing designs demonstrate small payloads primarily because they fail to distribute the adhesion forces over the entire adhering region available to these robots. Further, existing design methods do not demonstrate scalability of payload-to-vehicle size but, in fact, indicate such robots are not scalable (Gorb et al., 2007, “Insects Did It First: A Micropatterned Adhesive Tape for Robotic Applications,” Bioinspir. Biomim., 2(4), pp. 117–125.). This paper presents a design procedure for track-type climbing robots that use dry adhesives to generate tractive forces and a passive suspension that distributes the climbing loads over the track in a preferred manner. This procedure simultaneously considers the behavior of both the adhesive material at the track-surface interface and the distribution of the adhesive forces over the full contact surface. The paper will demonstrate that dry-adhesive-based climbing robots can be designed to achieve high payloads and are scalable, thus enabling them to be used in applications previously thought to be impossible with dry adhesives.

Implementation device for measuring water depth at proving ground test track

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
Singgih Aji Wibowo ◽  
Dena Hendriana
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Reference Test ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Test Track ◽  
The Road ◽  
Ground Test ◽  
Different Color ◽  
Track Surface ◽  
Wet Grip

Tires adhesion on the wet surface between the road surface and vehicle tires is one of the requirement from ECE Regulation No.117 for tires sold in European countries. When tested on a specified test track, tires will be tested and compared the test results with standard reference test tires (SRTT). As a result, the performance index from measured tires is given and indicated by a wet grip index (G). ECE Regulation R117 specifies the wet grip index at a level of water depth between 0.5 and 1.5 mm on the test track surface [1]. The measurements can be done using a simple 150 mm steel ruler with the graduation of 0.5 mm. Before measuring, the tip of steel ruler is polished with Kolor Kut to show the different color when ruler tip is dipped into the water perpendicularly. Then record the data for monitoring the water depth of the test track. Since ECE Regulation R117 specifies the water depth at 1.0 mm +/- 0.5 mm, then it will need a measuring device which has a graduation of less than 0.5 mm. For this reason, we develop a tool for measurements water depth which able to show measurements of one-tenth of a millimeter.

The Effects of Voice Technology on Test Track Driving Performance: Implications for Driver Distraction

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Ranney ◽  
Joanne L. Harbluk ◽  
Larry Smith ◽  
Kristen Huener ◽  
Ed Parmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Driving Performance ◽  
Driver Distraction ◽  
Test Track ◽  
Voice Technology

Application of Computational Mechanics to Tire Design—Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Nakajima
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Computational Mechanics ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Side Wall ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Crown Shape

Abstract The tire technology related with the computational mechanics is reviewed from the standpoint of yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Yesterday: A finite element method was developed in the 1950s as a tool of computational mechanics. In the tire manufacturers, finite element analysis (FEA) was started applying to a tire analysis in the beginning of 1970s and this was much earlier than the vehicle industry, electric industry, and others. The main reason was that construction and configurations of a tire were so complicated that analytical approach could not solve many problems related with tire mechanics. Since commercial software was not so popular in 1970s, in-house axisymmetric codes were developed for three kinds of application such as stress/strain, heat conduction, and modal analysis. Since FEA could make the stress/strain visible in a tire, the application area was mainly tire durability. Today: combining FEA with optimization techniques, the tire design procedure is drastically changed in side wall shape, tire crown shape, pitch variation, tire pattern, etc. So the computational mechanics becomes an indispensable tool for tire industry. Furthermore, an insight to improve tire performance is obtained from the optimized solution and the new technologies were created from the insight. Then, FEA is applied to various areas such as hydroplaning and snow traction based on the formulation of fluid–tire interaction. Since the computational mechanics enables us to see what we could not see, new tire patterns were developed by seeing the streamline in tire contact area and shear stress in snow in traction.Tomorrow: The computational mechanics will be applied in multidisciplinary areas and nano-scale areas to create new technologies. The environmental subjects will be more important such as rolling resistance, noise and wear.

Effect of Polymer, Road Surface, and Driving Conditions on Wear Surface Characteristics of Tire Treads

1973 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Martin ◽  
P. H. Biddison
Keyword(s):  
Wear Surface ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mechanical Degradation ◽  
Textured Surface ◽  
Test Track ◽  
Driving Conditions ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Cylindrical Particles

Abstract Treads made with emulsion styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBR), solution SBR, polybutadiene (BR), and a 60/40 emulsion SBR/BR mixture were built as four-way tread sections on G78-15 belted bias tires, which were driven over both concrete and gravel-textured highways and on a small, circular, concrete test track. The tires were front mounted. When driven on concrete highway, all except the BR tread had either crumbled- or liquid-appearing surfaces, thought to have been formed by mechanical degradation or fatigue. When cornered on concrete, these materials formed small cylindrical particles or rolls. The BR tread had a smooth, granular-textured surface when driven on concrete highway and a ridge or sawtooth abrasion pattern when cornered on concrete. All the materials appeared rough and torn when run on gravel-textured highway. The differences in wear surface formed on BR tread and the other three are thought to be due primarily to the relatively high resilience of BR.

Issues on Design of Piled Raft Foundation

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 6057-6061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Padmanaban M S ◽  
J Sreerambabu
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Concrete Slab ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Foundation Design ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Piled Raft ◽  
Piled Raft Foundation ◽  
Raft Foundation ◽  
Influencing Parameters

A piled raft foundation consists of a thick concrete slab reinforced with steel which covers the entire contact area of the structure, in which the raft is supported by a group of piles or a number of individual piles. Bending moment on raft, differential and average settlement, pile and raft geometries are the influencing parameters of the piled raft foundation system. In this paper, a detailed review has been carried out on the issues on the raft foundation design. Also, the existing design procedure was explained.

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