Thermodynamic Properties of the Working Fluid in Internal-Combustion Engines

1936 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Hershey ◽  
J. E. Eberhardt ◽  
H. C. Hottel
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Combustion Engines

A Table of Thermodynamic Properties of Air

1943 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. A123-A130
Author(s):  
Joseph H. Keenan ◽  
Joseph Kaye
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Linear Interpolation ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Single Argument ◽  
Air Compressors

Abstract Over the range of conditions for which the equation pv = RT represents satisfactorily the p-v-T relation, a table having a single argument, the temperature, serves all the purposes which are served by vapor tables (steam tables, ammonia tables, etc.) having two arguments. A table of this sort with intervals small enough for linear interpolation is presented for dry air. Data from this table are compared with corresponding values from the tables of Sage and Lacey. The use of the table is illustrated with examples of the calculation of processes involved in air compressors, nozzles, internal-combustion engines, and gas turbines.

CORRESPONDENCE ON THE WORKING FLUID OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES.

1934 ◽  
Vol 237 (1934) ◽  
pp. 199-206
Author(s):  
A C EGERTON ◽  
F W LANCHESTER ◽  
M S KUHRING ◽  
J H PARKIN ◽  
D C ROSE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Combustion Engines

Energy Recovery From the Turbocharging System of Internal Combustion Engines

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Cipollone ◽  
Davide Di Battista ◽  
Angelo Gualtieri
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Turbocharging System ◽  
Virtual Platform ◽  
Near Future

On the road transportation sector, considering its deep involvement with many social expectations, assumed such proportions to become one of the major source of air pollution, mainly in urban highly congested areas. The use of reciprocating internal combustion engines (ICE) dominates the sector and the environmental dimension of the problem is under a strong attention of Governments. European Community, for instance, through sequences of regulations (EURO) reduced the emission allowed of primary pollutants; more recently, the Community added limits to climate-altering gases which directly refer to fuel consumption reduction. These limits today appear the new driver of the future engine and vehicle technological evolution. Similar efforts are under commitment by other developed countries (USA, Japan, etc,…) as well as also by the other Countries whose economic importance will dominate the markets in a very near future (BRICS Countries). The need to fulfill these issues and to keep the traditional engine expectations (torque, speed, fun to drive, etc..) triggered, especially in recent decades, a virtuous cycle whose result will be a new engine and vehicle era. The evolution till had today has been driven by the EURO limits and it demonstrated surprisingly that emission reduction and engine performances can be matched without compromises in both sides. Today, adding severe limits on equivalent CO2, emissions, it appears very difficult to predict how future engines (and vehicles) will be improved; new technologies are entering to further improve the traditional thermal powertrain but the way to a massive and more convinced electrification seems to be definitely opened. The two aspects will match in the sector of energy recovery which appears one of the most powerful tools for fuel consumption saving and CO2 reduction. When the recovery is done on exhaust gases it has an additional interest, having a moderate cost per unit of CO2 saved. The potentiality of this recovery is huge: 30%–35% of the chemical energy provided by the fuel is lost with the flue gases. For different reasons engines for passengers cars or goods transportation (light and heavy unit engines) as well those used for electricity generation (gen-set) are interested to this recovery: the first sector for the CO2 reduction, the second for the increasing value of electrical energy on the market. This wide interest is increasing the probability to have in a near future a reliable technology, being different actors pushing in this direction. In recent years the literature focused the attention to this recovery through a working fluid (organic type) on which the thermal energy is recovered by increasing its enthalpy. Thanks to a sequence of thermodynamic transformations (Rankine or Hirn cycle), mechanical work is produced. Both concept (Organic working fluid used and Rankine Cycle) are addressed as ORC technology. This overall technology has an evident complexity and doesn’t match with the need to keep reduced costs: it needs an energy recovery system at the gas side, an expander, a condenser and a pump. The space required by these components represents a limiting aspect. The variation of the flow rate and temperature of the gas (typical in ICE), as well as that at the condenser, represents additional critical aspect and call for suitable control strategies not yet exploited. In this paper the Authors studied an energy recovery method integrated with the turbocharging system, which does not require a working fluid making the recovery directly on the gas leaving the cylinders. Considering that the enthalpy drop across the turbine is usually higher than that requested by the compressor to boost the intake air, the concept was to consider an additional turbine which operates in parallel to the existing one. Room for recovery is guaranteed if one considers that a correct matching between turbine and compressor is actually done bypassing part of the exhaust gas from the turbine (waste gate) or using a variable geometry turbine (VGT) which, in any case, represents an energy loss. An additional positive feature is that this recovery does not impact on engine performances and the main components which realizes the recovery (valves & turbine) are technologically proven. In order to evaluate the potentiality of such recovery, the Authors developed a theoretical activity which represents the matching between turbocharger and engine. Thanks to an experimental characterization done on an IVECO F1C 16v JTD engine, an overall virtual platform was set up. The result produced a very satisfactory representation of the cited engine in terms of mechanical engine performances, relevant engine flow rates, pressures and temperatures. The ECU functions were represented too, such as boost pressure, EGR rates, rack control of VGT, etc… Two new direct recovery configurations have been conceived and implemented in the engine virtual platform.

Methods for rapid estimation of indicator and efficient efficiency of internal combustion engines

2021 ◽  
pp. 216-221
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Thermal Cycle ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Working Process ◽  
Thermodynamic Processes

The article discusses the issue of a quantitative computational assessment of the efficiency of the thermal cycle of a piston internal combustion engine based on the values of the effective and indicator efficiency. A simplified technique for the operational assessment of the efficiency of the thermal cycle of a piston internal combustion engine is proposed. The technique is based on a mathematical description of thermodynamic processes occurring during the development of the thermal cycle of an engine with ignition of the working mixture from compression (diesel engine), which allows it to be expanded to new engines, including those operating under electronic control. Keywords heat cycle; the working process; diesel; heat content of the working fluid; expansion

scholarly journals Increasing energy efficiency and environmental safety of reciprocating engines

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (4) ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
Сергей Александрович Каргин ◽  
Sergey Aleksandrovich Kargin ◽  
Александр Дорохов ◽  
Aleksandr Dorokhov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Exhaust Gases

The article highlights the process of organizing the internal combustion engines operation, which is intended to raise the environmental safety and the extent to which the thermal energy of the working fluid is used in order to increase the energy efficiency and environmental safety of marine, fixed and transport engines. Today in propulsion engineering the process of supplying heat to the cycle (fuel injection, mixture formation, combustion) has been comprehensively studied and improved. The analysis of the thermodynamic cycle has been presented. Disadvantages of the working process (from the position of converting the chemical energy of fuel into mechanical ener-gy) of a reciprocating engine with a crank mechanism are listed: incomplete combustion of fuel, loss of heat with exhaust gases and coolant, mechanical losses in the engine, etc. It has been found that the complete conversion of the thermal energy of the working fluid into mechanical work is impossible due to a short expansion stroke. The possibilities of increasing the efficiency of the working cycle of internal combustion engines are considered. An additional increase of the internal energy of the working fluid obtained by reducing losses in the cooling system due to the thermal insulation of the cylinder goes into increased losses with exhaust gases. It is proposed to introduce water into the cylinder after reaching the maximum temperature of the cycle, which helps lower the temperature of the gases, reduce the temperature difference and the intensity of heat transfer. It has been suggested to conduct tests with different moments of water supply, which will determine the effect of water on the process of burning fuel. The necessity of calculating various situations has been justified, since the amount of water will be different. The calculated water injection at the end of the combustion process can simplify cleaning and increase the engine capacity without significant amplifications of its main elements.

scholarly journals Microturbine power plant for utilization of the heat of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines

2020 ◽  
Vol 221 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Yury Matveev ◽  
Marina Cherkasova ◽  
Viktor Rassokhin ◽  
Viktor Barskov ◽  
Victor Chernikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Turbine Unit ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
The World

The article is devoted to the investigation and development of microsteam turbine unit of the LPI design for utilization of heat of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. This installation will reduce the world carbon dioxide emissions, as well as add useful power for the needs of the consumer. Efficiency and environmental friendliness of the engine will increase. The article discusses development of the main directions of improvement of high-loaded steps of LPI, expansion of modern outlooks on the directions of MRI development and the use of LPI steps in the systems of heat recovery of exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine. The possibility to utilize the heat of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines by means of a turbine unit and the subsequent receipt of additional useful capacities are investigated in many developed countries of the world. Germany, Sweden, Japan, PRC and other leading countries in the automotive industry are intensively conducting works in this direction. The results of such studies have already found application in some freight cars. In the Russian market, this type of turbine is spread very weakly. Turbine unit behind the internal combustion engine works in conditions of low volumetric consumption of the working fluid, which leads to a decrease in the heights of the flow parts of the guides and working grids, because of which the relative gaps in the seals increase. This leads to the growth of leakage of the working fluid. On the other hand, a high degree of pressure reduction when choosing single-stage turbines leads to supersonic

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