scholarly journals Simulating HCCI Blending Octane Number of Primary Reference Fuel with Ethanol

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eshan Singh ◽  
Muhammad Waqas ◽  
Bengt Johansson ◽  
Mani Sarathy
Keyword(s):  
Octane Number ◽  
Primary Reference

scholarly journals Investigation of Biofuels from Microorganism Metabolism for Use as Anti-Knock Additives

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hunter Mack ◽  
Vi H. Rapp ◽  
Malte Broeckelmann ◽  
Taek Soon Lee ◽  
Robert W. Dibble
Keyword(s):  
Octane Number ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Research Octane Number ◽  
Single Cylinder ◽  
Primary Reference ◽  
Si Engines ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Primary Reference Fuels

This paper investigates the anti-knock properties of biofuels that can be produced from microorganism metabolic processes. The biofuels are rated using Research Octane Number (RON) and Blending Research Octane Number (BRON), which determine their potential as additives for fuel in spark ignition (SI) engines. Tests were conducted using a single-cylinder Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine and performance of the biofuels was compared to primary reference fuels (PRFs). The investigated fuels include 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol (isobutanol), and limonene. Results show that 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, and 2-methylpropan-1-ol (isobutanol) sufficiently improve the anti-knock properties of gasoline.

scholarly journals QSPR Studies on the Octane Number of Toluene Primary Reference Fuel Based on the Electrotopological State Index

ACS Omega ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 3878-3888
Author(s):  
Long Jiao ◽  
Huanhuan Liu ◽  
Le Qu ◽  
Zhiwei Xue ◽  
Yuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Octane Number ◽  
Primary Reference ◽  
State Index ◽  
Electrotopological State

Correlating Thermal Characteristics From Flow-Reactor Experiments With Primary Reference Fuel

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Chun Wong ◽  
Lea-Der Chen
Keyword(s):  
Test Section ◽  
Octane Number ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Temperature Oscillation ◽  
Isothermal Flow ◽  
Temperature Oscillations ◽  
Primary Reference ◽  
Pyrex Tube

An experimental investigation was conducted to correlate thermal characteristics with primary reference fuel (PRF) using an “isothermal” flow reactor. Objective of the investigation was to assess whether or not thermal characteristics measured in a radiant-heated flow reactor could serve as an indicator of fuel octane number. The experimental set-up consisted of a radiant furnace and a pyrex-tube test section inside. The pyrex tube was fitted with thermocouples alongside the tube wall. Four PRF compositions of iso-octane and n-heptane were considered: 0, 65, 85 and 100% of iso-octane by volume; noted as PRF0, 65, 85 and 100, respectively. The test conditions reported in the paper set the fuel-air mixture temperature to 180 °C at the inlet of the test section and the radian furnace temperature to 345 °C. The equivalence ratio was set in the range 0.93 to 2.0. For a pre-set PRF and equivalence-ratio condition, the experiments were run with fixed mixture velocities over the range 0.019 m/s to 0.400 m/s. Over the conditions tested, the thermocouples recorded two temperature oscillations along the flow reactor for each of PRF0, 65 and 85 mixtures. Both oscillation locations moved downstream when PRF number was increased and the two oscillation locations merged when PRF was set to 85. No temperature oscillations were recorded for experiments with PRF100 mixture. The results suggest that the temperature oscillation locations from the experiments using isothermal flow-reactors can be used to correlate fuel octane number.

[review of:] Vyacheslav Ivanov & Peter Arkadiev, eds. 2013. Studies in the Typology of Slavic, Baltic and Balkan Languages

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 221-239
Author(s):  
Ilja Seržant
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
General Meeting ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Primary Reference ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
Vyacheslav Ivanov

Вячᴇᴄлᴀʙ Вᴄ. Иʙᴀнов (отв. ред.), Пᴇᴛᴘ М. Аᴘкᴀдьᴇв (сост.), Исследования по типологии славянских, балтийских и балканских языков (преимущественно в свете языковых контактов). Санкт-Петербург: Алетейя, 2013. / Vʏᴀᴄʜᴇsʟᴀv Ivᴀɴov & Pᴇᴛᴇʀ Aʀᴋᴀᴅɪᴇv, eds., Studies in the Typology of Slavic, Baltic and Balkan Languages (with primary reference to language contact). St Petersburg: Aletheia, 2013. ɪsʙɴ 978-5-91419-778-7. The main focus of the book is on various language contact situations as well as areal interpretations of particular phenomena against a wider typological background. The idea is to provide a broader overview of each phenomenon discussed, bringing in comparisons with the neighbouring languages. Two major linguistic areas are in the focus of the book: the Balkan and Eastern Circum-Baltic areas. The book is an important contribution to these fields as well as to areal typology and the theory of language contact in general, meeting all standards for a solid scientific work.

Penerapan Psikologi Islam dalam Praktek Profesi Psikolog Muslim

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-60
Author(s):  
Yulia Hairina ◽  
Mubarak Mubarak
Keyword(s):  
Discussion Group ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Psychological Services ◽  
Reference Source ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Primary Reference ◽  
Islamic Psychology

This research aims to describe the application of Islamic Psychology in the practice of Muslim psychologists and the obstacles in its application. This study uses a qualitative approach for taking respondents using purposive sampling techniques. There are twenty respondents in this study. The method used in collecting data from this study is the interview and Focus Discussion Group. This study found that the understanding of Islamic Psychology was quite diverse, but in essence, an approach that used the Qur'an and Hadist was the primary reference source. Its application, including the psychological services, and the process of counseling and therapy were carried out by integrating psychology and Islam. The cases also handled varied, not limited to severe or mild cases. The challenges were related to the ability of the psychologists and the acceptance of the clients.

Static and Dynamic Studies of Gasoline in View of its Octane Number and its Toxic Effect

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 451-459
Author(s):  
Ashraf Yehia El-Naggar ◽  
Mohamed A. Ebiad
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Octane Number ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Hydrocarbon Composition ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

Gasoline come primarily from petroleum cuts, it is the preferred liquid fuel in our lives. Two gasoline samples of octane numbers 91 and 95 from Saudi Arabia petrol stations were studied. This study was achieved at three different temperatures 20oC, 30oC and 50oC representing the change in temperatures of the different seasons of the year. Both the evaporated gases of light aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) of gasoline samples inside the tank were subjected to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively via capillary gas chromatography. The detailed hydrocarbon composition and the octane number of the studied gasoline samples were determined using detailed hydrocarbon analyzer. The idea of research is indicating the impact of light aromatic compounds in gasoline on the toxic effect of human and environment on the one hand, and on octane number of gasoline on the other hand. Although the value of octane number will be reduced but this will have a positive impact on the environment as a way to produce clean fuel.

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