Vehicle Efficiency and Tractive Work: Rate of Change for the Past Decade and Accelerated Progress Required for U.S. Fuel Economy and CO2 Regulations

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 290-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The Past ◽  
Vehicle Efficiency

Coleridge’s Rome

2017 ◽  
pp. 267-288
Author(s):  
Jonathan Sachs
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Slow Time ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
Imperial Rome ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sense Of Time ◽  
The French Revolution

Coleridge’s comparison between Napoleonic France and imperial Rome seeks to understand “revolutionary time,” that ostensibly new sense of time considered as a product of the French Revolution that sees the future as freed from past precedent. In the context of this seeming rupture between past and present, Coleridge associates the Roman transition from republic to empire with a particular pace and rate of change, and with slowness generally, a slowness that serves as a marked contrast to the apparent speed of his present moment. This chapter shows how Coleridge’s slow time is inextricable from the seeming speed and acceleration with which events were understood to develop in the aftermath of the French Revolution, in modernity. Coleridge returns processes of slow and gradual change into the French Revolution’s seeming rupture with the past.

Origin and Geomorphology

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Bianchi
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Interglacial Period ◽  
Continental Margins ◽  
Before Present ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Geologic Record ◽  
The U.S

Geologically speaking, estuaries are ephemeral features of the coasts. Upon formation, most begin to fill in with sediments and, in the absence of sea level changes, would have life spans of only a few thousand to tens of thousands of years (Emery and Uchupi, 1972; Schubel, 1972; Schubel and Hirschberg, 1978). Estuaries have been part of the geologic record for at least the past 200 million years (My) BP (before present; Williams, 1960; Clauzon, 1973). However, modern estuaries are recent features that only formed over the past 5000 to 6000 years during the stable interglacial period of the middle to late Holocene epoch (0–10,000 y BP), which followed an extensive rise in sea level at the end of the Pleistocene epoch (1.8 My to 10,000 y BP; Nichols and Biggs, 1985). There is general agreement that four major glaciation to interglacial periods occurred during the Pleistocene. It has been suggested that sea level was reduced from a maximum of about 80 m above sea level during the Aftoninan interglacial to 100 m below sea level during the Wisconsin, some 15,000 to 18,000 y BP (figure 2.1; Fairbridge, 1961). This lowest sea level phase is referred to as low stand and is usually determined by uncovering the oldest drowned shorelines along continental margins (Davis, 1985, 1996); conversely, the highest sea level phase is referred to as high stand. It is generally accepted that low-stand depth is between 130 and 150 m below present sea level and that sea level rose at a fairly constant rate until about 6000 to 7000 y BP (Belknap and Kraft, 1977). A sea level rise of approximately 10 mm y−1 during this period resulted in many coastal plains being inundated with water and a displacement of the shoreline. The phenomenon of rising (transgression) and falling (regression) sea level over time is referred to as eustacy (Suess, 1906). When examining a simplified sea level curve, we find that the rate of change during the Holocene is fairly representative of the Gulf of Mexico and much of the U.S. Atlantic coastline (Curray, 1965).

Estimate of mean tissue O2 consumption at onset of exercise in males

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1578-1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Inman ◽  
R. L. Hughson ◽  
K. H. Weisiger ◽  
G. D. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Time Delay ◽  
Impedance Cardiography ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Mean Response Time ◽  
The Mean

A mathematical model has been developed that permitted the calculation of the flow-weighted mean tissue O2 consumption (VO2T) at the onset of a step increase in work rate. From breath-by-breath measurements of alveolar O2 consumption (VO2A) and cardiac output (Q) by impedance cardiography and assumptions about the site of depletion of O2 stores, the rate of change in O2 stores (VO2s) was determined. The sum of VO2A + VO2s = VO2T. Six very fit males performed six repetitions of each of two step increases in work rate. STlo was a transition from rest to 100-W cycling; SThi was a transition from 100- to 200-W cycling. For each work rate transition, the responses of VO2A and Q were averaged over the six repetitions of each subject and the model was solved to yield VO2T. The responses of VO2A, VO2T, and Q after the increase in work rate were fit with a monoexponential function. This function included a time constant and time delay, the sum of which gave the mean response time (MRT). In the STlo test, the MRT of VO2A (24.9 +/- 1.1 s, mean +/- SE) was longer than that of VO2T (15.3 +/- 1.3 s) and of Q (16.5 +/- 6.5 s) (P less than 0.05). The MRT of VO2T and Q did not differ significantly. Also for SThi, the MRT of VO2A (34.4 +/- 3.3 s) was significantly longer than that of VO2T (30.0 +/- 3.4 s) (P less than 0.05). The MRT of VO2T and Q (30.3 +/- 5.5 s) were not significantly different at this work rate either.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Introduction to the special issue “Climate of the past 2000 years: regional and trans-regional syntheses”

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 611-615
Author(s):  
Chris S. M. Turney ◽  
Helen V. McGregor ◽  
Pierre Francus ◽  
Nerilie Abram ◽  
Michael N. Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global View ◽  
Past 2000 Years ◽  
Recent Climate ◽  
Observational Record

Abstract. This PAGES (Past Global Changes) 2k (climate of the past 2000 years working group) special issue of Climate of the Past brings together the latest understanding of regional change and impacts from PAGES 2k groups across a range of proxies and regions. The special issue has emerged from a need to determine the magnitude and rate of change of regional and global climate beyond the timescales accessible within the observational record. This knowledge also plays an important role in attribution studies and is fundamental to understanding the mechanisms and environmental and societal impacts of recent climate change. The scientific studies in the special issue reflect the urgent need to better understand regional differences from a truly global view around the PAGES themes of “Climate Variability, Modes and Mechanisms”, “Methods and Uncertainties”, and “Proxy and Model Understanding”.

HYSTERESIS EFFECTS IN SOIL MOISTURE MOVEMENT

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Staple
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Past History ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Moisture Movement ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Depths

Hysteresis was assessed by measuring the tension and moisture content of sections of soil at different time intervals during the redistribution of moisture in uniformly packed columns of Grenville silt loam. Moisture tension was measured by a null method and moisture content was measured gravimetrically.The rate of change of tension with moisture content dψ/dθ and hence the diffusivity, in the tension range 25 to 400 centimeters of water was more than twice as great for drying as for wetting. During redistribution of moisture, when both drying and wetting were involved, different ψ, vs. θ relationships existed at different depths, and the slopes dψ/dθ and diffusivities in the profile were often lower than those for either drying or wetting alone.Further work is needed to assess the importance of hysteresis on moisture movement in practical problems. It seems possible that data on hysteresis, and a knowledge of the past history of wetting and drying, may provide estimates of moisture loss and conservation in fallowed fields.

scholarly journals Quasi-Sliding Networked Control of Systems Subject to Unbounded Disturbance with Limited Rate of Change

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Bartoszewicz ◽  
Paweł Latosiński
Keyword(s):  
Sliding Mode Control ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Networked Control ◽  
Sliding Mode Controller ◽  
System State ◽  
The Past ◽  
State Measurement ◽  
Measurement Delay

This paper concerns network based sliding mode control of linear plants with state measurement delay. The considered plants are subject to unbounded disturbance, but it is assumed that the change of disturbance value between each two subsequent sampling instants is limited. In order to combat the unpredictable disturbance in the environment with state measurement delay, a novel sliding mode controller has been introduced. It utilizes two nominal models of the plant to drive the system state along a desired trajectory and counteract the predicted effect of the past disturbance on the system. It has been proven that applying the new control strategy to the plant confines the system state to a defined band around the sliding hyperplane.

scholarly journals Global patterns of kelp forest change over the past half-century

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (48) ◽  
pp. 13785-13790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kira A. Krumhansl ◽  
Daniel K. Okamoto ◽  
Andrew Rassweiler ◽  
Mark Novak ◽  
John J. Bolton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Kelp Forests ◽  
Arctic Seas ◽  
Instantaneous Rate ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Past Half

Kelp forests (Order Laminariales) form key biogenic habitats in coastal regions of temperate and Arctic seas worldwide, providing ecosystem services valued in the range of billions of dollars annually. Although local evidence suggests that kelp forests are increasingly threatened by a variety of stressors, no comprehensive global analysis of change in kelp abundances currently exists. Here, we build and analyze a global database of kelp time series spanning the past half-century to assess regional and global trends in kelp abundances. We detected a high degree of geographic variation in trends, with regional variability in the direction and magnitude of change far exceeding a small global average decline (instantaneous rate of change = −0.018 y−1). Our analysis identified declines in 38% of ecoregions for which there are data (−0.015 to −0.18 y−1), increases in 27% of ecoregions (0.015 to 0.11 y−1), and no detectable change in 35% of ecoregions. These spatially variable trajectories reflected regional differences in the drivers of change, uncertainty in some regions owing to poor spatial and temporal data coverage, and the dynamic nature of kelp populations. We conclude that although global drivers could be affecting kelp forests at multiple scales, local stressors and regional variation in the effects of these drivers dominate kelp dynamics, in contrast to many other marine and terrestrial foundation species.

scholarly journals Changes in Self-reported Energy and Brain Volumes

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 783-783
Author(s):  
Qu Tian ◽  
Andrea Rosso ◽  
Nancy Glynn ◽  
Xiaonan Zhu ◽  
Caterina Rosano
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Brain Volumes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The brain demands and consumes more energy than any other organ. Lower perceived energy may indicate compromised brain health. Little empirical data exists on the association between perceived energy and brain structure. Neuroimaging was obtained in 300 participants (mean age=83±3 y/o, 40% blacks, 57%women) with repeated self-reported energy measures(scale0-10) in the past decade. Energy decline was computed as rate of change by linear mixed models(-0.06/year). Associations of energy decline with volumes of cognitive (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, hippocampus) and motor (precentral gyrus, putamen, caudate) areas were examined using linear regression, adjusted for demographics and total gray matter atrophy. A steeper decline in energy was associated with smaller volumes of right putamen (p=0.013) and caudate (p=0.043), a trend in right precentral gyrus (p=0.085), but not in prefrontal cortex or hippocampus. Declining energy by self-report may indicate atrophy localized in subcortical motor areas. Studies to identify the mechanisms underlying these associations are warranted.

scholarly journals The impact of river regulation in the Tigris and Euphrates on the Arvandroud Estuary

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 948-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Torabi Haghighi ◽  
Mojtaba Sadegh ◽  
Joy Bhattacharjee ◽  
Mehmet Emin Sönmez ◽  
Mojtaba Noury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Regime ◽  
Iraq War ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
River Regulation ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Information ◽  
Flow Changes ◽  
The Impact

The Arvandroud river (also known as Shatt-al-Arab) and its estuary have been degraded due to the changing river flow regime in the Tigris and Euphrates. This study assessed changes in flow from the major rivers and the impacts on the estuary. To assess the river flow changes, three major flow regime attributes were computed: timing (TIF), magnitude (MIF), and variability (VIF). By combining these indices, the total flow regime impact factor (IF) was scaled between 0 and 1, and classified into five groups: Low (0.80<IF<1.0), Incipient (0.60<IF<0.80), Moderate (0.40<IF<0.60), Severe (0.2<IF<0.40), and Drastic (0.0<IF<0.20). Flow regime impact maps were then created for 1941–1955, 1960–1970, 1975–1984, and 1990–2000. These revealed that, over time, the impact has extended along the basin from downstream to upstream, with a significant flow regime change from 1941–1955 to 1990–2000 in the Tigris, Euphrates, and Arvandroud. Analysis of remote sensing data revealed that the change in the flow regime has led to land degradation in the Arvandroud estuary during the past 46 years (1972–2018). In addition, the impact of the Iran–Iraq war (based on degradation of vegetation cover between 1985 and 1988) is 5.1 times of mean rate of change during 1972–2018. This study thus contributes new information on estuaries and the impact of upstream land and water use change.

Clarendon, Providence and the Historical Revolution

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Finlayson
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The Political ◽  
English Revolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Events ◽  
English Society ◽  
Political Turmoil

Historians and literary scholars have long agreed that the rate of change in English society in the seventeenth century was so great that only the label “revolution” can do justice to its magnitude. For the past hundred years, most historians who have written about the political upheavals of the middle decades of the century, for example, have taken it for granted that these events constituted a “revolution.” Indeed, the custom of referring to the political turmoil in England between 1640 and 1660 as the “English Revolution” is so established that many scholars would deny that they are relying upon an assumption at all, but would insist that they are simply stating an obvious fact. After 1660, most scholars agree, England's political and constitutional practices and presuppositions were fundamentally different from what they had been before 1640. The permanence of the change, combined with the extraordinary character of political events during the Interregnum, makes the label “revolution” the obvious and appropriate one.

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