Particulate Matter Emissions from a Flexfuel Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicle

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Carlos Daemme ◽  
Renato Penteado ◽  
Daniel da Silva Costa ◽  
Rodrigo Soares Ferreira ◽  
Marcelo Risso Errera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions

scholarly journals Predicting the particulate matter emissions from spray-guided gasoline direct-injection spark ignition engines

2016 ◽  
Vol 231 (6) ◽  
pp. 717-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Leach ◽  
Richard Stone ◽  
Derek Fennell ◽  
David Hayden ◽  
Dave Richardson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Single Cylinder ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions ◽  
Current Production ◽  
Direct Injection Spark Ignition

An index which links the fuel composition to particulate matter emissions (the PN index) was developed and is here evaluated with model fuels in a single-cylinder optical-access spray-guided direct-injection engine; the model fuels have independent control of the double-bond content and volatility, as used in the index. This index is investigated in three different engines: a single-cylinder research engine, a V8 engine recently available in the market and a current-production supercharged V6 engine. A number of market gasolines were tested in all three engines, and the results follow the trends predicted by the particle number index. Imaging of the in-cylinder sprays shows that the composition of the model fuels affects the mixture homogeneity and their particulate matter emissions; in particular, the lack of a light end in the model fuel composition can lead to misleadingly low particle number emissions owing to improved mixture preparation which is unrepresentative of market fuels. The PN index was investigated in a Jaguar Land Rover V6 engine with five different fuels over a simulated New European Driving Cycle, and the results show that the index trends are followed. The emissions were evaluated from two fuels representing the EU5 reference-fuel specifications that has been developed using the particle number index to give a difference in particulate matter emissions. The results from these fuels show that a difference in the particle number emissions of a factor of about 2 can be seen at both stoichiometric conditions and rich conditions, for two fuels representative of the EU5 reference-fuel specifications. This follows trends predicted by the particle number index. This has important implications for policy makers and European Union legislation, where particle number emissions from gasoline vehicles are now regulated for the first time, as batch-to-batch variations in the fuel composition would result in different test results under the current legislation.

scholarly journals Sources of Particulate Matter Emissions Variability From a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel J. M. G. Ramos ◽  
James S. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Hydrocarbon Emissions ◽  
Measurement Variability ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection Engine ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions ◽  
Gdi Engines

Particulate matter (PM) emissions from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines are a concern due to the health effects associated with ultrafine PM. This experimental study investigated sources of PM emissions measurement variability observed in previous tests and also examined the effect of ethanol content in gasoline on PM emissions. Some engine operating parameters (fuel and oil temperature, positive crankcase ventilation filtration) and test conditions (dilution air conditions) were studied and controlled but could not account for the level of measurement variability observed. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) measurements of gas phase hydrocarbon emissions provided evidence that changes in fuel composition were responsible for the variability. Exhaust emissions of toluene and ethanol were correlated positively with PM emissions, while emissions of isobutylene correlated negatively. Exhaust emissions of toluene and isobutylene were interpreted as markers of gasoline aromatic content and gasoline volatility, respectively. Tests conducted with gasoline containing added toluene (10% v/v) supported this hypothesis and led to the overall conclusion that the PM emissions variability observed can be attributed to changes in the composition of the pump gasoline being used. Tests conducted with gasoline containing added ethanol (10% and 30% v/v) found that increasing ethanol fuel content increased PM emissions at the steady-state operating condition utilized.

INFLUENCE OF FUEL PROPERTIES ON GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS OVER FIRST 200 SECONDS OF WORLD-HARMOIZED LIGHT-DUTY TEST PROCEDURE USING AN ENGINE DYNAMOMETER AND NOVEL “VIRTUAL DRIVETRAIN” SOFTWARE

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Noah R. Bock ◽  
William F. Northrop
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Regulatory Compliance ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions ◽  
Vehicle Acceleration

Abstract The influence of fuel properties on particulate matter (PM) emissions from a catalytic gasoline particulate filter (GPF) equipped gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine were investigated using novel “virtual drivetrain” software and an engine mated to an engine dynamometer. The virtual drivetrain software was developed to operate the engine on an engine dynamometer as if it were in a vehicle undergoing a driving cycle. The software uses a physics-based approach to determine vehicle acceleration and speed based on engine load and a programed “shift” schedule to control engine speed. The first 200 seconds of the WLTP driving cycle was tested using 6 different fuel formulations of varying volatility, aromaticity, and ethanol concentration. It was found that there was a strong correlation between aromaticity of the fuel and the engine-out PM emissions, with the highest emitting fuel producing more than double the mass emissions of the low PM production fuel. However, the post-GPF PM emissions depended greatly on the soot loading state of the GPF. The fuel with the highest engine-out PM emissions produced comparable post-GPF emissions to the lowest PM producing fuel over the driving cycle when the GPF was loaded over three cycles with the respective fuels. These results demonstrate the importance of GPF loading state when aftertreatment systems are used for PM reduction. It also shows that GPF control may be more important than fuel properties, and that regulatory compliance for PM can be achieved with proper GPF control calibration irrespective of fuel type.

scholarly journals Sources of Particulate Matter Emissions Variability From a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel J. M. G. Ramos ◽  
James S. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Hydrocarbon Emissions ◽  
Measurement Variability ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection Engine ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions ◽  
Gdi Engines

Particulate matter (PM) emissions from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines are a concern due to the health effects associated with ultrafine PM. This experimental study investigated sources of PM emissions measurement variability observed in previous tests and also examined the effect of ethanol content in gasoline on PM emissions. Some engine operating parameters (fuel and oil temperature, PCV filtration) and test conditions (dilution air conditions) were studied and controlled but could not account for the level of measurement variability observed. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) measurements of gas phase hydrocarbon emissions provided evidence that changes in fuel composition were responsible for the variability. Exhaust emissions of toluene and ethanol were correlated positively with PM emissions, while emissions of isobutylene correlated negatively. Exhaust emissions of toluene and isobutylene were interpreted as markers of gasoline aromatic content and gasoline volatility respectively. Tests conducted with gasoline containing added toluene (10% v/v) supported this hypothesis and led to the overall conclusion that the PM emissions variability observed can be attributed to changes in the composition of the pump gasoline being used. Tests conducted with gasoline containing added ethanol (10% and 30% v/v) found that increasing ethanol fuel content increased PM emissions at the steady-state operating condition utilized.

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