Testing and Modeling the Responses of Hybrid III Crash-Dummy Lower Extremity under High-speed Vertical Loading

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Zhu ◽  
Liqiang Dong ◽  
Xin Jin ◽  
Binhui Jiang ◽  
Anil Kalra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Vertical Loading ◽  
Hybrid Iii

An Experimental and Numerical Study of Hybrid III Dummy Response to Simulated Underbody Blast Impacts

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthik Somasundaram ◽  
Anil Kalra ◽  
Don Sherman ◽  
Paul Begeman ◽  
King H. Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Loading Conditions ◽  
Stress Concentrations ◽  
Vertical Loading ◽  
Laboratory Setup ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Hybrid Iii

Anthropometric test devices (ATDs) such as the Hybrid III dummy have been widely used in automotive crash tests to evaluate the risks of injury at different body regions. In recent years, researchers have started using automotive ATDs to study the high-speed vertical loading response caused by underbody blast impacts. This study analyzed the Hybrid III dummy responses to short-duration, large magnitude vertical accelerations in a laboratory setup. Two unique test conditions were investigated using a horizontal sled system to simulate underbody blast loading conditions. The biomechanical responses in terms of pelvis acceleration, chest acceleration, lumbar spine force, head accelerations, and neck forces were measured. Subsequently, a series of finite element (FE) analyses were performed to simulate the physical tests. The correlation between the Hybrid III test and numerical model was evaluated using the correlation and analysis (cora) version 3.6.1. The score for the Wayne State University (WSU) FE model was 0.878 and 0.790 for loading conditions 1 and 2, respectively, in which 1.0 indicated a perfect correlation between the experiment and the simulated response. With repetitive vertical impacts, the Hybrid III dummy pelvis showed a significant increase in peak acceleration accompanied by a rupture of the pelvis foam and flesh. The revised WSU Hybrid III model indicated high stress concentrations at the same location, providing a possible explanation for the material failure in actual Hybrid III tests.

scholarly journals In-Plane Monolithic Integration of Scaled III-V Photonic Devices

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1887
Author(s):  
Markus Scherrer ◽  
Noelia Vico Triviño ◽  
Svenja Mauthe ◽  
Preksha Tiwari ◽  
Heinz Schmid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Photonic Devices ◽  
Monolithic Integration ◽  
Light Emitters ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Large Lattice ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Gain Material

It is a long-standing goal to leverage silicon photonics through the combination of a low-cost advanced silicon platform with III-V-based active gain material. The monolithic integration of the III-V material is ultimately desirable for scalable integrated circuits but inherently challenging due to the large lattice and thermal mismatch with Si. Here, we briefly review different approaches to monolithic III-V integration while focusing on discussing the results achieved using an integration technique called template-assisted selective epitaxy (TASE), which provides some unique opportunities compared to existing state-of-the-art approaches. This method relies on the selective replacement of a prepatterned silicon structure with III-V material and thereby achieves the self-aligned in-plane monolithic integration of III-Vs on silicon. In our group, we have realized several embodiments of TASE for different applications; here, we will focus specifically on in-plane integrated photonic structures due to the ease with which these can be coupled to SOI waveguides and the inherent in-plane doping orientation, which is beneficial to waveguide-coupled architectures. In particular, we will discuss light emitters based on hybrid III-V/Si photonic crystal structures and high-speed InGaAs detectors, both covering the entire telecom wavelength spectral range. This opens a new path towards the realization of fully integrated, densely packed, and scalable photonic integrated circuits.

Lower Extremity Impact and Injury Responses of Male and Female PMHS to High-Rate Vertical Loading

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Cristino ◽  
H. Pietsch ◽  
A. Kemper ◽  
J. Bolte ◽  
K. Danelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Vertical Loading

A New CVS/ATB Hybrid III Model for Lower Extremity Studies: Development and Validation

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Sieveka ◽  
J. A. Pellettiere ◽  
J. R. Crandall ◽  
W. D. Pilkey ◽  
M. Tanahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Development And Validation

Muscle coordination in cycling: effect of surface incline and posture

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 927-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Graham E. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Gluteus Maximus ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Muscle Coordination

The purpose of the present study was to examine the neuromuscular modifications of cyclists to changes in grade and posture. Eight subjects were tested on a computerized ergometer under three conditions with the same work rate (250 W): pedaling on the level while seated, 8% uphill while seated, and 8% uphill while standing (ST). High-speed video was taken in conjunction with surface electromyography (EMG) of six lower extremity muscles. Results showed that rectus femoris, gluteus maximus (GM), and tibialis anterior had greater EMG magnitude in the ST condition. GM, rectus femoris, and the vastus lateralis demonstrated activity over a greater portion of the crank cycle in the ST condition. The muscle activities of gastrocnemius and biceps femoris did not exhibit profound differences among conditions. Overall, the change of cycling grade alone from 0 to 8% did not induce a significant change in neuromuscular coordination. However, the postural change from seated to ST pedaling at 8% uphill grade was accompanied by increased and/or prolonged muscle activity of hip and knee extensors. The observed EMG activity patterns were discussed with respect to lower extremity joint moments. Monoarticular extensor muscles (GM, vastus lateralis) demonstrated greater modifications in activity patterns with the change in posture compared with their biarticular counterparts. Furthermore, muscle coordination among antagonist pairs of mono- and biarticular muscles was altered in the ST condition; this finding provides support for the notion that muscles within these antagonist pairs have different functions.

Comparison of Human Surrogate Responses in Underbody Blast Loading Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ott ◽  
D. Drewry ◽  
M. Luongo ◽  
J. Andrist ◽  
R. Armiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Matched Pair ◽  
Loading Conditions ◽  
Occupant Safety ◽  
Vertical Loading ◽  
Impact Biomechanics ◽  
Biomechanical Response ◽  
Hybrid Iii

Abstract Impact biomechanics research in occupant safety predominantly focuses on the effects of loads applied to human subjects during automotive collisions. Characterization of the biomechanical response under such loading conditions is an active and important area of investigation. However, critical knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of human biomechanical response and injury tolerance under vertically accelerated loading conditions experienced due to underbody blast (UBB) events. This knowledge gap is reflected in anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) used to assess occupant safety. Experiments are needed to characterize biomechanical response under UBB relevant loading conditions. Matched pair experiments in which an existing ATD is evaluated in the same conditions as a post mortem human subject (PMHS) may be utilized to evaluate biofidelity and injury prediction capabilities, as well as ATD durability, under vertical loading. To characterize whole body response in the vertical direction, six whole body PMHS tests were completed under two vertical loading conditions. A series of 50th percentile hybrid III ATD tests were completed under the same conditions. Ability of the hybrid III to represent the PMHS response was evaluated using a standard evaluation metric. Tibial accelerations were comparable in both response shape and magnitude, while other sensor locations had large variations in response. Posttest inspection of the hybrid III revealed damage to the pelvis foam and skin, which resulted in large variations in pelvis response. This work provides an initial characterization of the response of the seated hybrid III ATD and PMHS under high rate vertical accelerative loading.

Kinetic and kinematic responses of post mortem human surrogates and the Hybrid III ATD in high-speed frontal sled tests

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 34-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie M. Beeman ◽  
Andrew R. Kemper ◽  
Michael L. Madigan ◽  
Stefan M. Duma
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Hybrid Iii

Biofidelity Evaluation of a Prototype Hybrid III 6 Year-Old ATD Lower Extremity

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 2794-2804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura C. Boucher ◽  
Julie Bing ◽  
John H. Bolte
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Hybrid Iii

Lower Extremity Biomechanics Differ in Prepubescent and Postpubescent Female Athletes during Stride Jump Landings

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris J. Hass ◽  
Elizabeth A. Schick ◽  
John W. Chow ◽  
Mark D. Tillman ◽  
Denis Brunt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Inverse Dynamic ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Resultant Forces

Epidemiological evidence suggests the incidence of injury in female athletes is greater after the onset of puberty and that landing from a jump is a common mechanism of knee injury. This investigation compared lower extremity joint kinematics and joint resultant forces and moments during three types of stride jump (stride jump followed by a static landing; a ballistic vertical jump; and a ballistic lateral jump) between pre- and postpubescent recreational athletes to provide some insight into the increased incidence of injury. Sixteen recreationally active postpubescent women (ages 18–25 years) and 16 recreationally active prepubescent girls (ages 8–11 years) participated in this study. High speed 3D videography and force plate data were used to record each jumper’s performance of the stride jumps, and an inverse dynamic procedure was used to estimate lower extremity joint resultant forces and moments and power. These dependent variables were submitted to a 2 × 3 (Maturation Level × Landing Sequence) MANOVA with repeated measures on the last factor. The findings indicated that postpubescents landed with the knee more extended (4.4°) and had greater extension moments (approximately 30% greater hip and knee extension moments) and powers (40% greater knee power). Further, the post-pubescent athletes had greater knee anterior/posterior forces as well as medio-lateral resultant forces. The differences found between the two groups suggest there may be anatomical and physiological changes with puberty that lead to differences in strength or neuromuscular control which influence the dynamic restraint system in these recreational athletes. A combination of these factors likely plays a role in the increased risk of injury in postpubescent females.

Lower Extremity Kinematic and Kinetic Differences in Runners with High and Low Arches

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorsey S. Williams ◽  
Irene S. McClay ◽  
Joseph Hamill ◽  
Thomas S. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Pes Cavus ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Vertical Loading ◽  
Tibial Internal Rotation ◽  
Arch Structure ◽  
Rearfoot Eversion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics

High- and low-arched feet have long been thought to function differently. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between arch structure and lower extremity mechanics in runners with extreme pes planus and pes cavus. It was hypothesized that low-arched individuals would exhibit an increased rearfoot eversion excursion, eversion/tibial internal rotation ratio, and increased angular velocity in rearfoot eversion when compared to high-arched runners. In addition, it was hypothesized that high-arched runners would exhibit greater vertical loading rates. Twenty high-arched and 20 low-arched runners with histories of running-related injuries were included in this study. Low-arched runners were found to have increased rearfoot eversion excursion, eversion to tibial internal rotation ratio, and rearfoot eversion velocity. High-arched runners had increased vertical loading rate when compared to low-arched runners. These results suggest that arch structure is associated with specific lower extremity kinematics and kinetics. Differences in these parameters may subsequently lead to differences in injury patterns in high-arched and low-arched runners.

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