Automatic Transmission Gear Ratio Optimization and Monte Carlo Simulation of Fuel Consumption with Parasitic Loss Uncertainty

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrell Robinette ◽  
Daniel Wehrwein
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Automatic Transmission ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Ratio Optimization ◽  
Transmission Gear

Electric Vehicle Transmission Gear Ratio Optimization Based on Particle Swarm Optimization

2012 ◽  
Vol 187 ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Gu ◽  
Xiu Sheng Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Particle Swarm Optimization ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Particle Swarm ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Swarm Optimization ◽  
Driving Range ◽  
Ratio Optimization ◽  
Power Component ◽  
Transmission Gear

The driving range of electric vehicles is less than traditional vehicles due to the restriction of energy storage. It is raising the efficiency of each power component that is one of increasing electric vehicle driving range methods. A particle swarm optimization is used to optimize transmission gear ratio on established electric vehicle power component models. A simulation that simulates the energy consumption of vehicle after gear ratio optimization is given to compare with the actual energy consumption data of the vehicle before gear ratio optimization. The results show that the energy consumption and driving range of the latter are better than the former therefore this optimization is valid.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Gear Ratio Transmisi dan Grade Jalan Terhadap Fuel Consumption Truck Batubara dengan Pendekatan Regresi Linier Berganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Arif Nuryono
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Actual Data ◽  
Road Segment ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Forward Speed ◽  
Dump Trucks ◽  
Road Grade ◽  
Transmission Speed ◽  
Transmission Gear

Transmission Gear Ratio usually affects torque and speed. The effect on fuel consumption for coal trucks with a capacity of 20 tons needs technical analysis and experiment to obtain actual data. In the experiment process using a standard transmission issued by the factory that is with 8 forward speed and 1 reverse speed. Experiment is done by comparing the calculation of fuel consumption with the use of transmission. Tests carried out using 2 dump trucks, 6 times sampling, 8-Speed, 30 km distance, with variations in the grade 8 segments and loads. From the results of testing and calculation of fuel consumption with parameter 8 variations in road grade and loaded, different fuel usage is obtained for each road segment and in load or empty conditions. When high grade fuel consumption also increases, when loaded conditions fuel consumption increases. Road grade and loaded conditions affect the use of fuel consumption. The use of transmission speed or gear ratio also affects fuel consumption.

scholarly journals Using Service Simulating Test in Designing of Tillage Combine

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 110-114
Author(s):  
Sergey Vladimirovich Oskin ◽  
Boris Fedorovich Tarasenko
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Fuel Costs

Abstract Determining the optimal structure of the tillage combine for working in a particular company is a very difficult task due to many factors. While searching for the optimal choice, it is necessary to strive for having fewer combines in operation, reduce the fuel costs and compensate damages due to changes in agrotechnical terms and soil compaction during the combines’ operation. In this article it is proposed to apply the Monte Carlo simulation for solving this issue. As a result of the analysis of models, it was observed that all combines can be divided into separate efficiency groups and form certain tillage complexes. After the analysis of these complexes, it was proposed to replace the tillage tools, which led to further reduction in total costs. So the transition to non-mouldboard technology in both high-efficiency and low-efficiency combines will lead to cost savings by 45%, and the introduction of new tools will reduce the fuel consumption by 61-64%. For high-efficiency machine complexes, non-mouldboard technology allows the reduction of the optimal number of aggregates by 25-32%. At the same time, the introduction of new tillage combines will reduce the number of operating combines by 50-58% due to reduced resistance and the combination of technological operations.

Transmission Gear Ratio vs Fuel Consumption: Retrospective Analysis for Future Terrain Vehicle Applications

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Vantsevich ◽  
Bhargav H. Joshi ◽  
Gianantonio Bortolin
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Manual Transmission ◽  
Actual Data ◽  
Geometric Progression ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dump Trucks ◽  
Transmission Gear

For decades, the technical problem of selecting optimal transmission gear ratio has been researched for various ground vehicles based on different selection criteria depending on a particular vehicle application; criteria of terrain mobility, traction and acceleration performance, engine power utilization and fuel efficiency have been widely in use. Innumerable analytical and experimental research results and data were implemented in thousand different transmission designs. Today, this unique information about the number of gears in transmission, and value of gear ratios make a field for (i) a research analysis of engineering efficiency of different transmission designs, which were in operation for decades, and (ii) developing more efficient analytical methodologies to select the number of gears and transmission gear ratios and, furthermore, continuously, in-real time control power transfer from the vehicle energy source to the wheels. This paper considers the first, of the above-listed problems in detail with applications to various terrain vehicles and then specifically to off-road wheeled vehicles. The analysis presented in the paper, envelops simple random samples of up to 50 vehicles. It starts from WW2 military vehicles, goes to off-road trucks of 1980s and finally compares modern dump trucks and other terrain vehicles of several major world OEMs. The paper presents an analytical method, computational algorithm and results of a study in which, the efficiency of conventional analytical methodologies are evaluated using actual data on fuel consumption and characteristics of transmissions, vehicle engines, driveline and running gear systems and payloads. To serve this purpose, actual data of each vehicle is compared with analytical data of the vehicle, computed using the conventional methods, with focus on gear/velocity ratios and average fuel consumption at each transmission gear. The fuel consumption analysis was carried out by computing vehicle transport capacity as a function of the average velocity and mass of the payload for each vehicle. The result shows a distinct change of behavior in gear design methodology between post war and present day vehicles. It was a determined divergence from the initial trends, which were based on either the geometrical progression method or arithmetic method for selecting the number of transmission speeds and the values of gear ratios. This resulted in not only having a wide range of speed characteristics of automatic transmission over a few manual gears, but also, as discovered in this study, lead to increased fuel consumption of some vehicles in all range of speeds. The WW2 vehicles designed with manual transmission have gear ratios are closely aligned to analytically calculated geometric progression. Same behavior is observed in the off-road vehicles of 1980’s. Here, with a manual transmission, the trend is more towards less number of gears and with large interval between speed ratios. This of course gives a better fuel efficiency, but leads to trade off in lower average vehicle velocity. The transmission design for modern day dump trucks is also very close to the geometric progression approach. The other modern off-road trucks, as discovered in the analysis, follow an arithmetic progression. Although this results in smooth transmission, but fuel efficiency is compromised significantly, compared to dump trucks. It is important to note that a design based on geometric progression, would result in same speed distribution with less number of gears and better fuel efficiency. For a modern day terrain trucks, to have an optimum combination of both characteristics, it is important to consider all the parameters affecting velocity ratios and fuel consumption and incorporate an efficient analytical methodology to stay competitive, in the rapidly evolving market of all terrain vehicles.

Electron Scattering in Solids

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-5
Author(s):  
Ryuichi Shimizu ◽  
Ze-Jun Ding
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Angular Distribution ◽  
Elastic Scattering ◽  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Expansion Method ◽  
Electron Excitation ◽  
Partial Wave Expansion ◽  
Backscattered Electrons

Monte Carlo simulation has been becoming most powerful tool to describe the electron scattering in solids, leading to more comprehensive understanding of the complicated mechanism of generation of various types of signals for microbeam analysis.The present paper proposes a practical model for the Monte Carlo simulation of scattering processes of a penetrating electron and the generation of the slow secondaries in solids. The model is based on the combined use of Gryzinski’s inner-shell electron excitation function and the dielectric function for taking into account the valence electron contribution in inelastic scattering processes, while the cross-sections derived by partial wave expansion method are used for describing elastic scattering processes. An improvement of the use of this elastic scattering cross-section can be seen in the success to describe the anisotropy of angular distribution of elastically backscattered electrons from Au in low energy region, shown in Fig.l. Fig.l(a) shows the elastic cross-sections of 600 eV electron for single Au-atom, clearly indicating that the angular distribution is no more smooth as expected from Rutherford scattering formula, but has the socalled lobes appearing at the large scattering angle.

Determination of Stoichiometry of GaAs Component in (Gaas)Ge Epitaxially Grown Thin Films by Electron Microprobe X-Ray Analysis

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-265
Author(s):  
D. R. Liu ◽  
S. S. Shinozaki ◽  
R. J. Baird
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Compound Semiconductors ◽  
Energy Dispersive Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Metastable Alloys ◽  
Lower Voltage

The epitaxially grown (GaAs)Ge thin film has been arousing much interest because it is one of metastable alloys of III-V compound semiconductors with germanium and a possible candidate in optoelectronic applications. It is important to be able to accurately determine the composition of the film, particularly whether or not the GaAs component is in stoichiometry, but x-ray energy dispersive analysis (EDS) cannot meet this need. The thickness of the film is usually about 0.5-1.5 μm. If Kα peaks are used for quantification, the accelerating voltage must be more than 10 kV in order for these peaks to be excited. Under this voltage, the generation depth of x-ray photons approaches 1 μm, as evidenced by a Monte Carlo simulation and actual x-ray intensity measurement as discussed below. If a lower voltage is used to reduce the generation depth, their L peaks have to be used. But these L peaks actually are merged as one big hump simply because the atomic numbers of these three elements are relatively small and close together, and the EDS energy resolution is limited.

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