Establishing Localized Fire Test Methods and Progressing Safety Standards for FCVs and Hydrogen Vehicles

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn W. Scheffler ◽  
Matt McClory ◽  
Michael Veenstra ◽  
Naoki Kinoshita ◽  
Hajime Fukumoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fire Test ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Safety Standards

Research on Fire Test Method of High Pressure Hydrogen Storage Cylinders for Transportation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Li ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Jiepu Li ◽  
Baodi Zhao ◽  
Chunlin Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Fire Test ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Working Pressure ◽  
Industry Chain ◽  
Gas Cylinder ◽  
Fire Condition ◽  
Chinese Standard ◽  
Gas Cylinders

Abstract As important equipment in the entire hydrogen industry chain, composite hydrogen storage cylinders for transportation have developed rapidly in recent years. The fire test is used to verify the explosion resistance of gas cylinders under specified fire conditions. Compared to steel gas cylinder, composite gas cylinder is more dangerous in the fire condition. The wound layer, as the main pressure-bearing structure of the composite hydrogen storage cylinder, is inflammable. In the case of fire, the mechanical properties of the cylinder will degrade quickly due to the high temperature. If the gas inside the cylinder cannot be discharged in time, the cylinder explosion will occur. Currently, some relevant standards or standard drafts have been drawn up by the international organizations, which are useful for formulating Chinese standard for hydrogen storage cylinders for transportation. The applicable scope of the standards was discussed in this paper, such as composite cylinder type, working pressure, nominal volume and design life, etc. The fire test methods of composite gas cylinders in various standards were compared and analyzed, such as experiment method, cylinder placement method, cylinder filling requirements, fuel selection, fire source setting, temperature measurement requirements, and qualified indicators, etc. Finally, the challenges for development of composite hydrogen storage cylinders and compressed hydrogen storage systems in China were proposed.

Microbiological, scientific and regulatory perspectives of hand sanitizers

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-140
Author(s):  
Chong Hock Sia ◽  
Ying Ting Tan ◽  
Lai Wah Chan
Keyword(s):  
Test Methods ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Consumer Awareness ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
The Public ◽  
Hand Sanitizer ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks

Abstract: Hand sanitizers are rub-on formulations for the purpose of inactivating microorganisms on the hands. With the recent COVID-19 pandemic, a surge in the manufacturing, sale and use of hand sanitizers is observed. However, the effectiveness and safety of hand sanitizers are not well understood by the public; thus, hand sanitizer usage may not confer adequate protection and may pose safety threats. Globally, the emergence of safety threats and inappropriate manufacturer claims also suggest that regulatory frameworks are insufficient in ensuring optimal effectiveness and safety standards for hand sanitizers. This paper presents an overview of the activity of antimicrobials as active ingredients in hand sanitizers and the principles of test methods to evaluate the effectiveness of hand sanitizers. Different antimicrobials confer different activities, rendering some more useful than others. There are also no specific compendial test for efficacy of hand sanitizers and the choice of test method is left to the discretion of manufacturers. It has also been reported that a significant number of hand sanitizers were improperly labelled or had inappropriate claims. Implementing a tighter regulatory framework, developing pharmacists’ knowledge and capabilities, raising consumer awareness and debunking common myths are some possible solutions to address the problems encountered.

Calibration of the Sandia One-Dimensional Direct and Inverse Thermal (SODDIT) Code for Estimating Heat Flux to a Large Pipe Calorimeter in a Jet Fuel Fire

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Bullard ◽  
Miles Greiner
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Fire Test ◽  
Spent Nuclear Fuel ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Uncertainty Range ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Maximum Heat Flux ◽  
Fire Environment

Industry and safety standards demand the knowledge of the thermal behavior of systems subjected to fire, particularly for the transportation of radioactive materials for spent nuclear fuel disposal and reprocessing. Experimentally benchmarked fire test data from Container Analysis Fire Environment (CAFE) are used to calibrate the Sandia One Dimensional Direct and Inverse Thermal (SODDIT) code by optimizing number of future times (NFT) at 11 and identifying a linear correlation and uncertainty range between the SODDIT input and output. The calibration is then used to predict the heat flux to a large pipe calorimeter in a jet fuel fire, for which the result is an 11 second window average of the actual heat flux. The maximum heat flux occurred at the beginning of the fire and was found to be 195 ± 37.3 kW/m2 at a 95% confidence level.

An Investigation of the Combustion of Fire-Protected Wooden Materials Modified with Polymer Fireproofing Agents

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-66
Author(s):  
B.B. Akhrarov ◽  
M.U. Allamuratov ◽  
B.A. Mukhamedgaliev
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Fire Test ◽  
Structural Materials ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Thermal Breakdown ◽  
Binding Agents

Certain questions of the fire protection of wooden structural materials, chipboard, and binding agents are examined. The mechanisms of chemical fire protection and the kinetic laws governing the process of thermal breakdown of modified specimens are clarified. On the basis of using the latest fire test methods, the combustion and thermal degradation regimes of wooden materials have been established. The advantages of polymeric fireproofing agents over low-molecular weight analogues are shown.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document