International Space Station Water System Architecture and Operational Plan

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Yeoman ◽  
Brienne Shkedi ◽  
Barry Tobias
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Water System ◽  
International Space ◽  
Operational Plan

scholarly journals Genomic and phenotypic characterization of Burkholderia isolates from the potable water system of the International Space Station

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. e0227152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aubrie O’Rourke ◽  
Michael D. Lee ◽  
William C. Nierman ◽  
R. Craig Everroad ◽  
Chris L. Dupont
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Water System ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
International Space

scholarly journals Genomic and phenotypic characterization of Burkholderia isolates from the potable water system of the International Space Station

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aubrie O’Rourke ◽  
Michael D. Lee ◽  
William C. Nierman ◽  
Chris L. Dupont
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Burkholderia Cepacia ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Water System ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
International Space ◽  
Potential Pathogenicity

AbstractThe opportunistic pathogens Burkholderia cepacia and Burkholderia contaminans, both genomovars of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), are frequently cultured from the potable water system (PWS) of the International Space Station (ISS). Here, we sequenced the genomes and conducted phenotypic assays to characterize these Burkholderia isolates. All recovered isolates of the two species fall within monophyletic clades based on phylogenomic trees of conserved single-copy core genes. Within species, the ISS PWS strains all demonstrate greater than 99% average nucleotide identity (ANI), suggesting that they are of a highly similar genomic lineage and both individually may have stemmed from the two founding clonal strains before diverging into two unique sub strain populations. No evidence for horizontal gene transfer between the populations was observed. Differences between the recovered isolates can be observed at the pangenomic level, particularly within putative plasmids identified within the B. cepacia group. Phenotypically, the ISS-derived B. cepacia isolates generally exhibit a trend of lower rates and shorter duration of macrophage intracellularization compared to the selected terrestrial reference strain (though not significantly), and significantly lower rates of cellular lysis in 7 of the 19 isolates. ISS-derived B. contaminans isolates displayed no difference in rates of macrophage intracellularization compared to the selected reference, though generally increased rates lysis, with 2 of the 5 significantly increased at 12-hours post inoculation. We additionally find that ISS-isolated B. contaminans display hemolytic activity at 37°C not demonstrated by the terrestrial control, and greater antifungal capacity in the more recently collected isolates. Thankfully, the ISS-derived isolates generally exhibit 1-4 times greater sensitivity to common antibiotics used in their clinical treatments. Thus, despite their infection potential, therapeutic treatment should still have efficacy.Author SummaryThe International Space Station (ISS) is a unique built environment due to its isolation and recycling of air and water. Both microbes and astronauts inhabit the ISS, and the potential pathogenicity of the former is of great concern for the safety of the latter. The potable water dispenser (PWD) of the potable water system (PWS) on board the ISS was assembled in a cleanroom facility and then primed on Earth using an extensive process to ensure no gas bubbles existed within the lines that could lock the apparatus upon installation in orbit. The primed system sat dormant for 6 months before installation on the ISS. Microbial surveillance was conducted on the system after installation and the bacterial load was 85 CFU/mL, which exceeded the 50 CFU/mL limits set for ISS potable water. Over a microbial surveillance spanning 4.5 years, numerous strains of the potential pathogen Burkholderia have been isolated from the PWD. Here we sequenced and analyzed the genomes of these strains while also characterizing their potential pathogenicity. The genome analysis indicates it is likely that there were only two strains that were introduced on Earth that have subsequently undergone minimal diverging evolution. These strains retain pathogenicity, but remain susceptible to antibiotics, providing a potential therapeutic intervention in the event of infection.

scholarly journals Design Concept and System Architecture of Reconfigurable Brachiating Space Robot

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoichi Hayashi ◽  
◽  
Saburo Matunaga ◽  
Yoshiaki Ohkami ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Reduction Technique ◽  
Space Robot ◽  
End Effector ◽  
International Space ◽  
Distributed Controller ◽  
Task Requirements ◽  
Communications System

This paper presents a summary of the system of ""Reconfigurable Brachiating Space Robot (RBR)"". The robot consists of a center hub and three 6 degree-of-freedom arms with an end-effector and a pivot, which has a reconfigurable mechanism, for each arm. This space robot is capable of moving over the Japanese Experimental Module of the International Space Station in a brachiating manner and also capable of arm reconfiguration according to the various task requirements. This paper explains the system architecture of RBR, mainly, the arm components, which are modularized joints, multi-function end-effector, pivot and the docking element in detail, and also focuses on the cable reduction technique with the hierarchical distributed controller system and the communications system.

Human factors assessment of International Space Station (ISS) medical equipment packs

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Paige Smith ◽  
Vicky E. Byrne ◽  
Cynthia Hudy ◽  
Mihriban Whitmore
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
Medical Equipment ◽  
Space Station ◽  
International Space

Dose Tracker Application for Collecting Medication Use Data from International Space Station Crew

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia. E. Wotring ◽  
LaRona K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
International Space ◽  
Flight Data ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Share Data ◽  
Usability Feedback

INTRODUCTION: There are knowledge gaps in spaceflight pharmacology with insufficient in-flight data to inform future planning. This effort directly addressed in-mission medication use and also informed open questions regarding spaceflight-associated changes in pharmacokinetics (PK) and/or pharmacodynamics (PD).METHODS: An iOS application was designed to collect medication use information relevant for research from volunteer astronaut crewmembers: medication name, dose, dosing frequency, indication, perceived efficacy, and side effects. Leveraging the limited medication choices aboard allowed a streamlined questionnaire. There were 24 subjects approved for participation.RESULTS: Six crewmembers completed flight data collection and five completed ground data collection before NASA’s early study discontinuation. There were 5766 medication use entries, averaging 20.6 ± 8.4 entries per subject per flight week. Types of medications and their indications were similar to previous reports, with sleep disturbances and muscle/joint pain as primary drivers. Two subjects treated prolonged skin problems. Subjects also used the application in unanticipated ways: to note drug tolerance testing or medication holiday per research protocols, and to share data with flight surgeons. Subjects also provided usability feedback on application design and implementation.DISCUSSION: The volume of data collected (20.6 ± 8.4 entries per subject per flight week) is much greater than was collected previously (<12 per person per entire mission), despite user criticisms regarding app usability. It seems likely that improvements in a software-based questionnaire application could result in a robust data collection tool that astronauts find more acceptable, while simultaneously providing researchers and clinicians with useful data.Wotring VE, Smith LK. Dose tracker application for collecting medication use data from International Space Station crew. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(1):41–45.

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