scholarly journals Environmental Impact of Tributyltin-Resistant Marine Bacteria in the Indigenous Microbial Population of Tributyltin-Polluted Surface Sediments

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
HARUO MIMURA ◽  
MASAHIRO YAGI ◽  
KAZUTOSHI YOSHIDA
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Marine Bacteria ◽  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Indigenous Microbial Population

scholarly journals Environmental Characteristics and Distributions of Marine Bacteria in the Surface Sediments of Kamak Bay in Winter and Summer

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 755-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dae-Sung Lee ◽  
Yun-Sook Kim ◽  
Seong-Yun Jeong ◽  
Chang-Keun Kang ◽  
Won-Jae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Marine Bacteria ◽  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Environmental Characteristics

Regenerative functions and microbial ecology of coral reefs. I. Assays for microbial population

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 1081-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. DiSalvo ◽  
K. Gundersen
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Microbial Ecology ◽  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Organic Residue ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Kaneohe Bay ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Sediments obtained from complex internal reef spaces at Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, and Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Is., were apparently homologous to the surface sediments of flat-bottomed aquatic environments. The sediments were heavily populated by bacteria, among which were numerous chitin- and agar-digesting species. Some bacteria and fungi from the reef sediments were capable of digesting a relatively insoluble organic residue obtained from thalli of a calcareous reef alga (Porolilhon sp.). Some elementary analyses of the reef sediments are presented for use in making comparisons of bacterial counts between stations.Arguments are made for the existence of an efficient system of mineralization based on the unique biogenic structure and high organismic diversity of coral reefs.

Survival of Salmonella in Waste Egg Wash Water

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARK C. MECKES ◽  
CLIFFORD H. JOHNSON ◽  
EUGENE W. RICE
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Chicken Egg ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Indigenous Microbial Population

Waste wash waters from chicken egg–processing facilities can harbor high densities of bacteria, including salmonellae. For this study, we enumerated total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp. in the egg wash waters of a large egg producer. We then determined how long these organisms would survive at temperatures of 5, 15, and 25°C. We found that the fraction of salmonellae surviving over time at a given temperature was comparable to the fraction of indicator organisms that survived. We also found that the survival of these organisms varied with temperature, with 16, 8, and <2 days being required for a 90% reduction of Salmonella in waste wash water held at 5, 15, and 25°C, respectively. Finally, we noted that the response of laboratory-derived cultures to environmental stresses mimics the response of the indigenous microbial population, but individual cells within that population may survive for longer periods than laboratory-cultured strains.

scholarly journals Impact of small-scale disturbances on geochemical conditions, biogeochemical processes and element fluxes in surface sediments of the eastern Clarion–Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1113-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica B. Volz ◽  
Laura Haffert ◽  
Matthias Haeckel ◽  
Andrea Koschinsky ◽  
Sabine Kasten
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Biogeochemical Processes ◽  
Geochemical Conditions ◽  
Element Fluxes ◽  
Polymetallic Nodules

Abstract. The thriving interest in harvesting deep-sea mineral resources, such as polymetallic nodules, calls for environmental impact studies and, ultimately, for regulations for environmental protection. Industrial-scale deep-sea mining of polymetallic nodules most likely has severe consequences for the natural environment. However, the effects of mining activities on deep-sea ecosystems, sediment geochemistry and element fluxes are still poorly understood. Predicting the environmental impact is challenging due to the scarcity of environmental baseline studies as well as the lack of mining trials with industrial mining equipment in the deep sea. Thus, currently we have to rely on small-scale disturbances simulating deep-sea mining activities as a first-order approximation to study the expected impacts on the abyssal environment. Here, we investigate surface sediments in disturbance tracks of seven small-scale benthic impact experiments, which have been performed in four European contract areas for the exploration of polymetallic nodules in the Clarion–Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the NE Pacific. These small-scale disturbance experiments were performed 1 d to 37 years prior to our sampling program in the German, Polish, Belgian and French contract areas using different disturbance devices. We show that the depth distribution of solid-phase Mn in the upper 20 cm of the sediments in the CCZ provides a reliable tool for the determination of the disturbance depth, which has been proposed in a previous study from the SE Pacific (Paul et al., 2018). We found that the upper 5–15 cm of the sediments was removed during various small-scale disturbance experiments in the different exploration contract areas. Transient transport-reaction modeling for the Polish and German contract areas reveals that the removal of the surface sediments is associated with the loss of the reactive labile total organic carbon (TOC) fraction. As a result, oxygen consumption rates decrease significantly after the removal of the surface sediments, and, consequently, oxygen penetrates up to 10-fold deeper into the sediments, inhibiting denitrification and Mn(IV) reduction. Our model results show that the return to steady-state geochemical conditions after the disturbance is controlled by diffusion until the reactive labile TOC fraction in the surface sediments is partly re-established and the biogeochemical processes commence. While the re-establishment of bioturbation is essential, steady-state geochemical conditions are ultimately controlled by the delivery rate of organic matter to the seafloor. Hence, under current depositional conditions, new steady-state geochemical conditions in the sediments of the CCZ are reached only on a millennium scale even for these small-scale disturbances simulating deep-sea mining activities.

scholarly journals Impact of small-scale disturbances on geochemical conditions, biogeochemical processes and element fluxes in surface sediments of the eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica B. Volz ◽  
Laura Haffert ◽  
Matthias Haeckel ◽  
Andrea Koschinsky ◽  
Sabine Kasten
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Biogeochemical Processes ◽  
Mining Equipment ◽  
Transport Reaction ◽  
Element Fluxes ◽  
Polymetallic Nodules

Abstract. The thriving interest in harvesting deep-sea mineral resources, such as polymetallic nodules, calls for environmental impact studies, and ultimately, for regulations for environmental protection. Industrial-scale deep-sea mining of polymetallic nodules most likely has severe consequences for the natural environment. However, the effects of mining activities on deep-sea ecosystems, sediment geochemistry and element fluxes are still poorly conceived. Predicting the environmental impact is challenging due to the scarcity of environmental baseline studies as well as the lack of mining trials with industrial mining equipment in the deep sea. Thus, currently we have to rely on small-scale disturbances simulating deep-sea mining activities as a first-order approximation to study the expected impacts on the abyssal environment. Here, we investigate surface sediments in disturbance tracks of seven small-scale benthic impact experiments, which have been performed in four European contract areas for the exploration of polymetallic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ). These small-scale disturbance experiments were performed 1 day to 37 years prior to our sampling program in the German, Polish, Belgian and French contract areas using different disturbance devices. We show that the depth distribution of solid-phase Mn in the upper 20 cm of the sediments in the CCZ provides a reliable tool for the determination of the disturbance depth, which has been proposed in a previous study (Paul et al., 2018). We found that the upper 5–15 cm of the sediments were removed during various small-scale disturbance experiments in the different exploration contract areas. Transient transport-reaction modelling for the Polish and German contract areas reveals that the removal of the surface sediments is associated with the loss of reactive labile organic carbon. As a result, oxygen consumption rates decrease significantly after the removal of the surface sediments, and consequently, oxygen penetrates up to tenfold deeper into the sediments inhibiting denitrification and Mn(IV) reduction. Our model results show that the post-disturbance geochemical re-equilibration is controlled by diffusion until the reactive labile TOC fraction in the surface sediments is partly re-established and the biogeochemical processes commence. While the re-establishment of bioturbation is essential, the geochemical re-equilibration of the sediments is ultimately controlled by the burial rates of organic matter. Hence, under current depositional conditions, the new geochemical equilibrium in the sediments of the CCZ is reached only on a millennia scale even for these small-scale disturbances simulating deep-sea mining activities.

scholarly journals A Reliable Seawater Desalination System Based on Membrane Technology and Biotechnology Considering Reduction of the Environmental Impact

Environments ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaru Kurihara ◽  
Hiromu Takeuchi ◽  
Yohito Ito
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Marine Bacteria ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Water System ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Membrane Processing

The application of seawater desalination technology using a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane has been expanding because it requires less energy compared with other distillation methods. Even in Middle Eastern countries where energy costs are lower such as Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, and Kuwait, almost all desalination plants where only water production is required have adopted the RO method. However, large plants in excess of half mega-ton size are required, and Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) operation lacks reliability due to heavy biofouling and large amounts of briny discharge contaminated with chemicals. For reliable desalination systems with lower environmental impact, membrane-processing technology, including biotechnology (such as marine bacteria), has been examined as national research in Japan in the “Mega-ton Water System” project. We examined the influence of chlorination on marine bacteria using the fluorescence microscopic observation method and found that the effect of chlorination is limited. Chlorination sterilization triggers biofouling and sodium bisulfate (SBS) addition as a de-chlorinating agent also triggers biofouling, so a process with no chlorine or SBS addition would reduce biofouling. As polyamide SWRO membranes have low chlorine resistivity, such a process would enable longer membrane life in real plants. We used a biofouling monitoring technology, the Membrane Biofilm Formation Rate (mBFR), to design a process that involves no chlorine or SBS addition and verified it in the Arabian Gulf Sea, of Saudi Arabia, which is one of the most difficult and challenging seawaters in which to control biofouling. Furthermore, by minimizing the addition of a sterilizer, the desalination system became more environmentally friendly.

Efficacy of Pediococcus pentosaceus for alfalfa forage exposed to precipitation during field wilting

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Wittenberg
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Population ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Pediococcus Pentosaceus ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Drying Conditions ◽  
Total Bacteria ◽  
Indigenous Microbial Population

The objective of the current study was to determine the preservation potential for an inoculant containing two strains of Pediococcus pentosaceus for forage that had been exposed to precipitation during the wilting phase. Forage was exposed to 26.4 mm precipitation and moderate drying conditions prior to being baled at 20–25% moisture without (Wet) or with Pediococcus pentosaceus (Wet-PP) application at the time of baling. A third hay treatment consisted of forage exposed to 27.6 mm precipitation and baled at 15–20% moisture without inoculant application (Dry). Contrary to results from previous studies with good drying conditions, application of Pediococcus pentosaceus at a rate of 105 cfu g−1 forage did not reduce extent of fungal invasion during storage as determined by storage temperature, glucosamine change, post-storage visual scores and fungal populations. Two wilting trials were conducted to determine the effect of exposure to precipitation during the wilting phase on the indigenous microbial population on the surface of forage material. Forage that was not exposed to precipitation during drying had total bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and total fungal populations ranging from 105 to 106, from 101 to 103, and from 104 cfu g−1 forage DM, respectively, at the time of baling. Exposure to precipitation resulted in population ranges of 107–108, 103–105, and 104–105 cfu g−1 forage DM, respectively. Total bacterial populations increased significantly due to exposure to precipitation. Utilization of a bacterial inoculant at 105 cfu g−1 forage may not be an adequate application rate when the density of the indigenous population on the forage surface is 100–1000 times greater. Key words:Pediococcus pentosaceus, hay, storage, mold, bacteria

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