scholarly journals In Vitro Evaluation of the Biocompatibility of Newly Synthesized Bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compounds with Spacer Structures Derived from Pentaerythritol or Hydroquinone

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
MASASHI YAMAMOTO ◽  
TAKASHI TAKAMI ◽  
REIKO MATSUMURA ◽  
ALEXANDER DOROFEEV ◽  
YOSHIHIKO HIRATA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

INHIBITION OF PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN VITRO BY ANTIBIOTICS AND QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Katznelson ◽  
M. D. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Halo Blight ◽  
Corynebacterium Species ◽  
Xanthomonas Species ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

The bacteriostatic effect of certain antibiotics and quaternary ammonium compounds on representative genera and species of phytopathogenic bacteria has been studied. For Xanthomonas species aureomycin was the most potent agent with terramycin and polymyxin next; 0.1 to 0.05 p.p.m. aureomycin completely inhibited growth of most of the cultures at 24 hr. Terramycin was the most effective compound against Pseudomonas species followed by streptomycin and qureomycin; 0.2 to 0.1 p.p.m. terramycin inhibited growth of every culture tested with one exception. For Corynebacterium species aureomycin was most effective with neomycin and terramycin next, the activity of aureomycin varying from 0.4 to 0.05 p.p.m. Chloromycetin was the least effective of the antibiotics tested in the series of experiments. A comparision of the relative sensitivity of the three genera to a given antibiotic revealed that aureomycin and polymyxin were most effective on Xanithomonas, terramycin and streptomycin on Pseudomonas, and neomycin and chloromycetin on Corynecarotovora to polymyxin. the latter organism was generally more resistant to the antibiotics than the former. A number of other antibiotics and quaternaries: streptothricin, clavacin, gliotoxin, aspergillic acid, tyrothricin, penicillin, Roccal, Hyamine 1622, and compound L4-669 were also tested against strains of X. phaseoli and P> phaseolicola (agents of common and halo blight respectively of beans). None of these was as effective as aureomycin, polymyxin, streptomycin, or terramycin, the activity of the quaternaries being similar on the whole to that of chloromycetin.

Active transport of quaternary ammonium compounds by the choroid plexus in vitro

1965 ◽  
Vol 208 (4) ◽  
pp. 666-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Tochino ◽  
Lewis S. Schanker
Keyword(s):  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Active Transport ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Transport Process ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

The quaternary ammonium compounds, hexamethonium, decamethonium, and N1-methylnicotinamide (NMN) are taken up by the rabbit choroid plexus in vitro (Krebs-Ringer phosphate glucose solution, pH 7.4, 37 C, oxygen) by a process showing all the characteristics of active transport. Uptake against a concentration gradient occurs by a saturable process that is inhibited by low temperature, by anaerobic conditions, and by low concentrations of ouabain, reserpine, and certain metabolic inhibitors. Decamethonium and NMN act as competitive inhibitors of hexamethonium uptake, suggesting that the three cations share a common transport process. Hexamethonium uptake is dependent on levels of Na, K, Mg, and phosphate in the incubation medium. Hexamethonium and decamethonium, but not NMN, are bound to homogenates of choroid plexus. The characteristics of the binding are such that binding would not account for the bulk of drug accumulation seen in the intact tissue. High concentrations of p-aminohippurate do not inhibit the uptake of hexamethonium. No evidence could be obtained for active uptake of hexamethonium by subcellular particles of plexus homogenates. The transport process for quaternary ammonium compounds appears to be present in the choroid plexus of the dog, cat, and guinea pig as well as in that of the rabbit.

Assessment of the effect of selected substances used for disinfection of hatching eggs on hatching results in chickens

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-35
Author(s):  
Klaudia Korowiecka ◽  
Magdalena Trela ◽  
Barbara Tombarkiewicz ◽  
Krzysztof Pawlak ◽  
Jerzy W. Niedziółka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Weak Reaction ◽  
Hatching Eggs ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

The aim of the study was to investigate whether egg disinfectants have a toxic effect on the tissues of the developing chicken embryo. The basic active ingredients of the disinfectants tested were quaternary ammonium compounds (Amino-Steril); stabilized peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide (Oxydion); glutaraldehyde, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, quaternary ammonium compounds and benzyl-C12-C16-alkyldimethyl (Viron FF); and stabilized hydrogen peroxide (Hydro-Clean). The tests were performed on hatching eggs from Ross 308 parent stock. The potential adverse effects of aqueous solutions of the disinfectants were tested in vitro using the Hen’s Egg Test – Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM). The results were confirmed in in vivo tests by analysing the hatchability of disinfected eggs. In the in vitro tests, aqueous solutions of the disinfectants with concentrations of 1%, 0.5%, 0.25% and 0.125% were spotted onto previously prepared chorioallantoic membranes of live eight-day-old chicken embryos (n = 8 embryos/disinfectant/concentration). The toxicity of the substances was assessed on the basis of the occurrence of hyperaemia, haemorrhage, and coagulation of the blood vessels of the membrane after 0.5, 2 and 5 minutes, using the 21-point Luepke scale. The in vivo testing consisted of two experiments conducted under production conditions, using eggs from flocks in the peak (37th week of life) and the final (54th week) laying periods. The eggs were sprayed with a 1% aqueous solution of disinfectant (400 eggs/disinfectant/experiment) about 2 hours before incubation. Hatching results, the stage of embryonic development at the time of death and any cases of infection were evaluated. The HET-CAM tests showed that the 1% solutions of the disinfectants induced strong (Hydro-Clean), moderate (Oxydion and Amino-Steril) and weak (Viron FF) reactions, while the 0.125% concentration produced a weak reaction or none. Analysis of hatching results showed that they were not affected by the disinfectants. However, in the case of laying hens in their final production period, spraying with aqueous solutions of each agent reduced losses due to early embryo mortality. In conclusion, the disinfectants tested can be safely used in poultry hatcheries

scholarly journals Quaternary Ammonium Compounds as New Sanitizers for Reducing the Spread of the Olive Knot Pathogen on Orchard Equipment

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (7) ◽  
pp. 1188-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Nguyen ◽  
H. Förster ◽  
J. E. Adaskaveg
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Short Exposure ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

Olive knot, caused by the wound pathogen Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi, is a serious bacterial disease that can be disseminated by orchard equipment. Greenhouse studies confirmed that cutting tools contaminated during contact with olive knots are able to spread the pathogen to healthy olive tissue. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) were assessed as sanitizing agents for contaminated equipment as a disease management strategy. In laboratory in vitro tests, QACs exhibited high toxicity against the bacterium over a broad pH range from 6 to 9 using short exposure periods (15 to 60 s) and low concentrations (5 µg/ml). QACs applied to contaminated hard surfaces in the presence of an organic load reduced bacterial recovery by ≥3.6 log10 CFU/ml. In field trials, sanitation of hedging equipment that was contaminated with the pathogen (2 × 107 CFU/ml) and used to prune olives, was successful and sometimes completely prevented new infections from occurring. Application of additional foliar spray treatments of copper or copper-kasugamycin mixtures after hedging significantly improved disease control. In laboratory and field studies, sodium hypochlorite was significantly less effective than QAC compounds in the presence of organic matter. A nonphenolic QAC formulation, however, was ineffective as a preventative treatment when applied prior to inoculation of olive wounds, whereas a copper hydroxide application was highly effective. Based on data from this research, a QAC formulation was registered for field use as a sanitizer for olive equipment in California in 2015.

Determination of quaternary ammonium compounds in food products by the method of ultra-performance liquid chromatography/high resolution mass-spectrometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (8) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
V. G. Amelin ◽  
D. S. Bolshakov
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
High Resolution Mass ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Resolution Mass

The goal of the study is developing a methodology for determination of the residual amounts of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) in food products by UHPLC/high-resolution mass spectrometry after water-acetonitrile extraction of the determined components from the analyzed samples. The identification and determination of QAC was carried out on an «UltiMate 3000» ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph (Thermo Scientific, USA) equipped with a «maXis 4G» high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometric detector and an ion spray «ionBooster» source (Bruker Daltonics, Germany). Samples of milk, cheese (upper cortical layer), dumplings, pork, chicken skin and ground beef were used as working samples. Optimal conditions are specified for chromatographic separation of the mixture of five QAC, two of them being a mixture of homologues with a linear structure (including isomeric forms). The identification of QAC is carried out by the retention time, exact mass of the ions, and coincidence of the mSigma isotopic distribution. The limits for QAC detection are 0.1 – 0.5 ng/ml, the determination limits are 1 ng/ml for aqueous standard solutions. The determinable content of QAC in food products ranges within 1 – 100 ng/g. The results of analysis revealed the residual amount of QAC present in all samples, which confirms data of numerous sources of information about active use of QAC-based disinfectants in the meat and dairy industry. The correctness of the obtained results is verified by introduction of the additives in food products at a level of 10 ng/g for each QAC. The relative standard deviation of the analysis results does not exceed 0.18. The duration of the analysis is 30 – 40 min.

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