scholarly journals Application of Dvoretzky’s Theorem of Measure Concentration in Physics and Cosmology

2015 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 11-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed S. El Naschie
Keyword(s):  
Measure Concentration ◽  
Dvoretzky’S Theorem

Density Wave Measurements in a Rectangular Clarifier

1983 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark K. Watson ◽  
R.R. Hudgins ◽  
P.L. Silveston
Keyword(s):  
Power Spectrum ◽  
Internal Wave ◽  
Internal Waves ◽  
Wave Motion ◽  
Wave Amplitude ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
Density Wave ◽  
Measure Concentration ◽  
Wave Measurements

Abstract Internal wave motion was studied in a laboratory rectangular, primary clarifier. A photo-extinction device was used as a turbidimeter to measure concentration fluctuations in a small volume within the clarifier as a function of time. The signal from this device was fed to a HP21MX minicomputer and the power spectrum plotted from data records lasting approximately 30 min. Results show large changes of wave amplitude as frequency increases. Two distinct regions occur: one with high amplitudes at frequencies below 0.03 Hz, the second with very small amplitudes appears for frequencies greater than 0.1 Hz. The former is associated with internal waves, the latter with flow-generated turbulence. Depth, velocity in the clarifier and inlet suspended solids influence wave amplitudes and the spectra. A variation with position or orientation of the probe was not detected. Contradictory results were found for the influence of flow contraction baffles on internal wave amplitude.

Metabolic Analysis of Triptolide Microspheres in Human, Dog, Rabbit and Rat Liver Microsomes with UPLC-MS/MS Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
LiJuan Wang ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Rui Li ◽  
DongXian He
Keyword(s):  
Rat Liver ◽  
Liver Microsomes ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Gradient Elution ◽  
Rat Liver Microsomes ◽  
Good Precision ◽  
Kinetics Parameters ◽  
Measure Concentration ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
Variation Of Parameters

Objectives: Triptolide (TPL) has been shown to have a good clinical effect on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We designed TPL microspheres (TPL-MS) and investigated its metabolic behavior in human, dog, rabbit and rat liver microsomes (HLM, DLM, RLM and SDRLM) with UPLC-MS/MS method. Methods: First, a UPLC-MS/MS method was established to measure concentration of TPL in samples. The sample was separated on a C18 column (2.1×100 mm, 1.8μm) and eluted with a gradient elution. The precursor ion/product ion were m/z 378.1/361.0 for TPL and 260.0/116.2 for the internal standard. Then T1/2, Vmax and CLint were calculated from the above data. Finally, the metabolites of TPL-MS were identified by high-resolution UPLC-MS/MS. The sample was separated on a C18 column (2.1×100 mm, 2.2 μm) and eluted with isocratic elution. Mass spectrometric detection was carried out on a thermo Q-exactive mass spectrometer with HESI. The scanning range of precursor ions was from m/z 50 to m/z 750. Result and Discussion: Through several indicators including standard curve, precision, accuracy, stability, matrix effect and recovery rate, the enzymatic kinetics parameters including T1/2, Vmax and CLint were completed. Several metabolites of TPL-MS were identified. Conclusion: UPLC-MS/MS method is an accurate and sensitive method for determination of TPL in liver microsome samples with good precision, accuracy and stability. The variation of parameters indicated that the microspheres can delay the elimination of TPL in liver microsomes. The metabolism of TPL-MS varied among species, but no new metabolites appeared.

Determining the structure of pharmaceutical industry in Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-115
Author(s):  
Sara Emamgholipour ◽  
Lotfali Agheli
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Monopolistic Competition ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Measure Concentration ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Purpose As the pharmaceutical industry is one of the key sectors of the health-care system, the identification of its structure is of particular importance. This paper aims to determine the structure of the pharmaceutical industry in Iran to provide appropriate solutions for pricing and regulation by policymakers. Iran is a growing pharmaceutical market with over $4bn in sales, so the supply side needs to be examined to meet the domestic consumption. Design/methodology/approach This research is a descriptive and retrospective analytical study which examines the Iranian pharmaceutical industry through library studies and using pharmaceutical data of the country’s Food and Drug Administration during 1992-2016. Due to data availability in firm level, the concentration ratio of N leading firms and the Herfindahl–Hirschman index are used to measure the concentration of the pharmaceutical market in 2014 and 2016. Findings The results show that pharmaceutical manufacturing, importing companies and distributing companies play roles in monopolistic competition market, loose oligopoly market and oligopoly market, respectively. For all companies, the magnitudes of Herfindahl–Hirschman indices indicate non-competitive settings. As a result, these companies set their own prices, and market demand affects their sales. In addition, demand for medicines is shaped in the form of supply-induced demand. Research limitations/implications This research was accomplished with no computational limitation. However, it was confined to only one country, one industry and the mentioned period of study. Practical implications The pharmaceutical manufacturers have no influence on medicine prices, and government pricing regulations lessen the market power of such market agents. However, the easy entry to and exit from market stimulate producers to participate in manufacturing activities. The pharmaceutical importers may expand their imports in response to entry new actors; however, the new entrants weaken the coordination on pricing decisions. Social implications As pharmaceutical distributers act in an oligopoly market, they can collude, reduce competition and lower the welfare of pharmaceutical consumers. In such conditions, high investment requirements and economies of scale may discourage the entry of new firms. Originality/value Although there are various studies on market structure in non-pharmaceutical industries, this study is a new effort to measure concentration in the Iranian pharmaceutical market and to determine its structure.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Trace Elements in Rice Field at Prafi District Manokwari

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Aplena Elen S. Bless ◽  
Samen Baan ◽  
Yahya Darmawan
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Metal Binding ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Quality Information ◽  
Trace Metal Concentration ◽  
Measure Concentration ◽  
West Papua ◽  
Fe Toxicity

Mapping spatial variability of trace elements in rice Ḁeld is necessary to obtain soil quality information to en-hance rice production. ἀis study was aimed to measure concentration and distribution of Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Cd in two diᴀerent sites (SP1, SP2) of PraḀ rice Ḁeld in Manokwari West Papua. ἀe representative 26 soil samples were analysed for their available trace metal concentration (DTPA), soil pH, and C-organic and soil texture. ἀe result indicated that Fe toxicity and Zn deḀcient problems were encountered in both sites.  Rice Ḁeld in SP2 was more deḀcient in Zn than SP1. Site with the highest trace elements (Zn, Fe, Cu, and Cd) concentration had low soil pH and high C-organic. Acidic soil has higher solubility of metals; while high C-organic could improve the formation of dissolve organic carbon-metal binding, hence it improving the trace metals concentration in soil solution.

scholarly journals Shooting Athlete Mental Training

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arief Ibnu Haryanto ◽  
Ardin Abdul Gani ◽  
Gilang Ramadan ◽  
Giofandi Samin ◽  
Iwan Fataha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
T Test ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Meditation Practice ◽  
Measure Concentration ◽  
Imagery Training ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Practice Method ◽  
Paired T Test

This study aims to determine the effect of meditation practice and internal imagery on the concentration and shooting accuracy of the 10-meter category in the Perbakin Bantul branch. The research method was experimental with a two-group pretest-posttests design. The population investigated 16 athletes using the purposive sampling technique so that the sample became 12 athletes. The research instrument used the Grid Concentration Exercise to measure concentration and measurement of firing accuracy using ISSF standard target targets. The data analysis technique used was paired t-test and independent t-test. The results showed an effect of training between autogenic meditation and internal images on concentration and shooting accuracy. When viewed from the percentage increase, the meditation practice method showed better results than internal imagery, while internal imagery training showed better results in increasing concentration.  

Thermal Characterization of a Turbulent Free Jet With Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Seitz ◽  
Lesley M. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Structure ◽  
Thermal Characterization ◽  
Light Sheet ◽  
Calibration Procedure ◽  
Laser Induced Fluorescence ◽  
Concentration Gradients ◽  
Measure Concentration ◽  
Free Jet ◽  
Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence ◽  
Planar Laser

Abstract Two-color, toluene-based, planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) is utilized to characterize the thermal structure of a turbulent, free jet. The PLIF technique has been used to measure concentration gradients for combustion applications, but its use to quantify thermal gradients is limited. To validate the method, compressed air is seeded with toluene particles. The seeded airflow is heated to temperatures varying from 300 to 375 K, and the heated jet exits a 1.27-cm diameter orifice into quiescent, room temperature air. The jet Reynolds number is varied from 5000 to 15,000. As the jet exits the orifice, the toluene particles fluorescence across a 266 nm laser light sheet which ultimately provides a two-dimensional temperature distribution of the free jet. The rigorous calibration procedure for the PLIF technique is described along with the seeding nuances needed to quantify the thermal structure of the jets. The PLIF technique has been demonstrated for this fundamental flow field, and it has proven to be applicable to more complex heat transfer and cooling applications. Furthermore, the time-averaged temperature distributions obtained in this investigation can be used in the validation of turbulent computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solvers.

Visualisation of Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Pipe Flows Using Electrical Capacitance Tomography

Volume 1 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Hunt ◽  
John Pendleton ◽  
Yves Ladam
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Distribution ◽  
Virtual Instrument ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Electrical Capacitance Tomography ◽  
Electrical Capacitance ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Measure Concentration ◽  
Capacitance Tomography

Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) has been used over a number of years to measure concentration distribution, and more recently velocity distribution, in two-phase flows. ECT is non-intrusive, and the reconstruction of the concentration and velocity distribution can be undertaken in real time and over an arbitrary number of zones in the flow cross-section. In this paper the concept of a ‘virtual instrument’ is introduced where zones of the image can be structured for comparison with other measurements. Numerical agreement with gamma-ray density measurements is shown to be excellent in slug and stratified flows. We present a series of measurements undertaken in complex oil/gas slug flows in a large flow loop. We present a variety of 2-D cross-sectional images, time series velocity and concentration graphs and 3-D contour plots. The good temporal and spatial resolution of ECT throws an extensive new light on these otherwise difficult to measure dynamic flow structures. In particular with bubbly-slug structures known as ‘ghosts’ ECT shows clearly that they are in fact bubbly waves which have extended ‘wings’ up and around the pipe.

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