scholarly journals Optimization of Biodiesel Production from African Crude Palm Oil (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i> Jacq) with High Concentration of Free Fatty Acids by a Two-Step Transesterification Process

2016 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Anguebes-Franseschi ◽  
Atl Córdova-Quiroz ◽  
Julia Cerón-Bretón ◽  
Claudia Aguilar-Ucan ◽  
Gloria Castillo-Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
High Concentration

scholarly journals THE ADDITION OF PETROLEUM BENZIN IN MIXING OF CRUDE PALM OIL AND METHANOL ON BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-204
Author(s):  
Abdullah Abdullah ◽  
F Fadhillah ◽  
Supranto Supranto ◽  
A. Prasetya
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Optimum Concentration ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Temperature Range

Research on transesterification of crude palm oil (CPO) using petroleum benzin as solvent has been done. This research aims to determine the optimum concentration of catalyst KOH and NaOH, mole ratio of methanol to oil, volume ratio of solvent to oil, and temperature range of solvent. This research also observes the influence of changing in methanol concentration and levels of palm oil free fatty acids (FFA) on biodiesel production. In this research, transesterification was preceded by esterification for 10 min using sulphuric acid catalyst. The results showed that KOH gave better results than NaOH as catalyst with optimum concentration was 1.75% (w/v). Mole ratio of methanol to palm oil optimum was 6:1, and volume ratio of solvent to palm oil optimum was 2:5. Optimum temperature range of the solvent was 70-90 °C. Decreasing on concentration of methanol, and increasing of free fatty acids (FFA) level gave negative impact on the biodiesel production, more over on transesterification without solvent. The characteristics (phosphor content, density, water content, ash content, carbon residue, energy content and chemical components) of biodiesel which was produced using petroleum benzin relatively similar to biodiesel produced in the normal way (without solvent). Decreasing on concentration of methanol, and increasing on level of free fatty acids (FFA) gave a negative impact on the biodiesel, more over on transesterification without solvent. Keywords: transesterification, CPO, solvent, petroleum benzin

scholarly journals Fruit Stalk Extract from Chili Peppers (Capsicum annum L.) as a Natural Antioxidant to Inhibit Oxidation in Crude Palm Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 124-128
Author(s):  
Rahmiwati Hilma ◽  
Eka Tri Setya Wulandari ◽  
Zaldi Arman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chili Pepper ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Capsicum Annum

Fruit stalk of chili pepper (Capsicum annum L.) so far is still an untapped waste. The content of active compounds in fruit and fruit stalk of chili pepper (C. annum L.) is known to have good antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extract of fruit stalk of chili pepper in inhibiting the oxidation of crude palm oil (CPO). In this study, the extraction of fruit stalk of chili pepper (C. annum L.) was carried out with n-hexane (from now on referred to as CHE) solvent and with ethanol solvent (from now on referred to as CEE). CHE and CEE were analyzed for total phenolic and flavonoid analyzes. Next, an evaluation of antioxidant activity was carried out using the DPPH method. The effectiveness test of adding the two extracts to the quality of CPO was carried out for ten days using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) analysis. The parameters observed were peroxide numbers, free fatty acids, and iodine numbers. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and followed by a Least Significance Different (LSD) test. The results show that the total phenolic value is 0.257 mg QE/g dry weight in CEE and 0.003 mg QE/g dry weight in CHE. Total flavonoid values are 0.155 mg QE/g dry weight in CEE and 0.003 mg QE/g in CHE. IC50 values for DPPH test extract are 223.72 μg/mL in CEE and 953.77 μg/mL in CHE. The test results of the effectiveness of the two extracts against CPO show thin CEE, and CHE significantly (P <0.05) influences to CPO free fatty acids, peroxide number, and iodine number. Both extracts can protect CPO from oxidation. CEE is more effective in maintaining CPO quality for ten days with free fatty acid values (2.1%), peroxide value values 0.48 meq/kg, and iodine number 54.8. Furthermore, this result meets the CPO quality standard, according to SNI-01-2901-2006.

scholarly journals Postharvest Fruit Detachment in Oil Palm Bunches with Ethephon and Ethylene Gas Application

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1030
Author(s):  
Arutchelvam Balakrishnan ◽  
Mohd Ibnur Syawal Zakaria ◽  
Bee Aik Tan ◽  
Jaime Yoke Sum Low ◽  
Shwu Fun Kua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Fresh Fruit Bunches

The processing of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB), together with loose fruits, in the current mill operation contributes to oil loss and high free fatty acids (FFA), affecting crude palm oil quality. Fruit detachment induced by ethephon and ethylene may mitigate the current processing issues. This study shows that a 0.50% (v/v) ethephon application by the evaporation method induced the highest fruit detachment of 30.8 ± 1.1% after 24 h at room temperature, with the FFA content in the extracted crude palm oil at 0.34 ± 0.09%. Ethephon application was effective on bunches between 14 and 28 kg, and fruit detachment was higher in ripe and underripe bunches at 24.1 ± 0.9% and 23.2 ± 0.1%, respectively. A significant fruit detachment of 47.2 ± 2.4% was achieved when the bunches were also stripped mechanically, but the FFA content increased almost 4-fold, from 1.0 ± 0.2% to 3.8 ± 1.2%. The application of ethylene gas at 750 ppm yielded 29.4 ± 1.9% fruit detachment. The findings present the possibility of using ethylene as an indirect method for minimizing oil loss without increasing the FFA content in future crude palm oil production systems.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KECACATAN PRODUK CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) MENGGUNAKAN METODE QUALITY CONTROL CIRCLE (QCC) PADA PT.RAMAJAYA PRAMUKTI

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-251
Author(s):  
St Nova Meirizha ◽  
Dian Kristina
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Research Journal ◽  
Business Person

Quality is the overall characteristics and characteristics of a product or service whose ability to satisfy needs, both expressed and implied (Irwan & Haryono, 2015). In this era of increasingly competitive industrialization, every business person who wants to win the competition in the industrial world will pay full attention to quality. QCC is a new concept to improve the quality and productivity of industrial/service work. It is evident that one of the success factors of industrialization in Japan is the effective implementation of QCC. In this research journal, the quality of crude palm oil (CPO) levels is decreasing. There are 3 types of defects, namely levels of FFA (Free Fatty Acids), levels of Moisture (Water) and levels of Dirt (Stool). Of these three, the most dominant are FFA levels and Moisture levels. Free fatty acid content (FFA) of 158 samples tested contained 150 samples of free fatty acids (FFA) which were outside the company standard. Then followed by moisture content with a total defect of 45 samples from 158 test samples. At the level of dirt (Dirt) there are absolutely no samples that are outside the company's standards.

scholarly journals Biodiesel production from crude palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq). Ascending path method application

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
María del Consuelo Ortiz Tapia ◽  
Pedro García Alamilla ◽  
Laura Mercedes Lagunes Gálvez ◽  
María Isabel Arregoitia Quezada ◽  
Ricardo García Alamilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis Jacq

Esterifikasi asam lemak bebas dalam minyak sawit mentah untuk produksi metilester

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 705
Author(s):  
Tirto Prakoso ◽  
Indra B Kurniawan ◽  
R Heru Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Continuous Production ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Alternative Diesel Fuel

Methyl esters are one of alkyl esters compound that used as alternative diesel fuel became popular. Methyl esters have similarities on physical and chemical properties with the diesel fuel produced from fossil oil; however it has less combustion and environmental emissions. As fossil oil become rare to be exploited, and the rapid environmental issues, the efforts to develop methyl esters as alternative diesel fuel become a prospective one. One method to produce methyl esters from free fatty acids of crude palm oil (CPO) is the two step esterification-transesterification reaction, each step produce the same final product, however differs in the side product. Esterification produce water and transesterfication produce glycerin. The reaction uses alcohol as main reactant beside the free fatty acids, it can be conducted in batch or continuous production. In this research, the investigation is only emphasized in the first step that is the esterification step to produce methyl esters from free fatty acids contained in crude palm oil. Methanol and sulfuric acid are used as reactant and catalyst respectively. Methyl esters produced by esterification is affected by reaction temperature, amounts of catalyst, and methanol volume. The increase in temperature improved esterification conversion from 19% in 50C to 98% in 60C. While the usage of the highest amount of catalyst, 5 ml/1-CPO, led to produced the highest conversion relative to the conversion from 1 and 3 ml/1-CPO catalyst. Furthermore, 10% amount of methanol per volume CPO produced higher yield than 8%.Keywords : Biodiesel,  CPO Free Fatty Acid Esterification, Methyl Ester ConversionAbstrak Metil ester merupakan suatu senyawa alkil ester yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif. Metil ester memiliki sifat fisik dan kimia yang hampir sam a dengan minyak diesel yang dihasilkan dari minyak bumi tetapi emisi pembakaran dari penggunaan ester metal lebih rendah dari pada emisi hasil penggunaan minyak solar. Seiring dengan semakin langkanya sumber minyak bumi dan semakin gencarnya isu lingkungan hidup, pengembangan ester metil sebagai bahan bakar pengganti minyak solar semakin prospektif. Pembuatan ester metil dari asam lemak bebas minyak sawit mentah (crude palm oil) dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa cara antara lain dengan reaksi esterifikasi dan transesterifikasi menggunakan alkohol. Reaksi-reaksi ini dapat dilaksanakan secara batch maupun kontinu. Pada penelitian yang telah dilakukan, pembuatan ester metil dari asam lemak bebas minyak sawit mentah dilakukan dengan reaksi esterifikasi secara batch, dengan reaktan berupa minyak sawit mentah dan metanol. Katalis yang digunakan adalah H2SO4. Konversi ester metil yang dihasilkan dipengaruhi oleh temperatur reaksi, konsentrasi katalis dan konsentrasi metanol. Kenaikan temperatur reaksi akan meningkatkan konversi dari 19% pada 50oC menjadi 98% pada 60oC. Dengan menggunakan konsentrasi katalis tertinggi 5ml/l CPO memicu konversi tertinggi relatif dibandingkan nilai konversi dari 1 dan 3 ml/l CPO. 10% metanol menghasilkan perolehan tinggi dibanding 8%.Kata Kunci: Biodiesel, EsterifikasiAsam Lemak Bebas CPO, Konversi Ester Metil

Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Crude Palm Oil Using Sulfated Cobalt–Tin Mixed Oxide Catalysts

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 513-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamchai Nuithitikul ◽  
Worrapat Hasin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Mixed Oxide ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mixed Oxide Catalysts

Abstract In this study, sulfated tin oxide was modified with cobalt oxide resulting in sulfated cobalt–tin mixed oxide (SO42–/Co2O3–SnO2). For the first time, the catalytic activity of SO42–/Co2O3–SnO2 for the esterification reaction of free fatty acids (FFA) in crude palm oil to produce methyl esters has been investigated. The effects of amount of Co and calcination temperature were studied. The properties of SO42–/Co2O3–SnO2 were determined with N2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and potentiometric titration. The esterification was carried out in a stirred-tank reactor equipped with a reflux condenser. The reaction conditions (methanol/oil ratio, catalyst size, catalyst loading and reaction time) were optimized. The results confirm that SO42–/Co2O3–SnO2 is a promising catalyst in the production of methyl esters from FFA in crude palm oil. The addition of Co improved the reusability of sulfated tin oxide.

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