scholarly journals A Research on the Difference of Education Returns between Urban and Rural Areas

2017 ◽  
Vol 05 (04) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Yuan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Education Returns

scholarly journals Decomposing Urban-rural Differences in Multimorbidity Among Older Adults in India: A Study Based on Lasi Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shekhar Chauhan ◽  
Shobhit Srivast ◽  
Pradeep Kumar ◽  
Ratna Patel
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Ageing Study ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background: Multimorbidity is defined as the co-occurrence of two or more than two diseases in the same person. With rising longevity, multimorbidity has become a prominent concern among the older population. Evidence from both developed and developing countries shows that older people are at much higher risk of multimorbidity, however, urban-rural differential remained scarce. Therefore, this study examines urban-rural differential in multimorbidity among older adults by decomposing the risk factors of multimorbidity and identifying the covariates that contributed to the change in multimorbidity.Methods: The study utilized information from 31,464 older adults (rural-20,725 and urban-10,739) aged 60 years and above from the recent release of the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) wave 1 data. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate decomposition analysis techniques were used.Results: Overall, significant urban-rural differences were found in the prevalence of multimorbidity among older adults (difference: 16.3; p<0.001). Moreover, obese/overweight and high-risk waist circumference were found to narrow the difference in the prevalence of multimorbidity among older adults between urban and rural areas by 8% and 9.1%, respectively.Conclusion: There is a need to substantially increase the public sector investment in healthcare to address the multimorbidity among older adults, more so in urban areas, without compromising the needs of older adults in rural areas.

scholarly journals Urban heat island: Aerodynamics or imperviousness?

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. eaau4299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Li ◽  
Weilin Liao ◽  
Angela J. Rigden ◽  
Xiaoping Liu ◽  
Dagang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Urban Heat Islands ◽  
Lower Atmosphere ◽  
Geographic Variations ◽  
Heat Islands ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

More than half of the world’s population now live in cities, which are known to be heat islands. While daytime urban heat islands (UHIs) are traditionally thought to be the consequence of less evaporative cooling in cities, recent work sparks new debate, showing that geographic variations of daytime UHI intensity were largely explained by variations in the efficiency with which urban and rural areas convect heat from the land surface to the lower atmosphere. Here, we reconcile this debate by demonstrating that the difference between the recent finding and the traditional paradigm can be explained by the difference in the attribution methods. Using a new attribution method, we find that spatial variations of daytime UHI intensity are more controlled by variations in the capacity of urban and rural areas to evaporate water, suggesting that strategies enhancing the evaporation capability such as green infrastructure are effective ways to mitigate urban heat.

Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation in northeast China: a cross-sectional study, 2017–2019

Heart ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 106 (8) ◽  
pp. 590-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liying Xing ◽  
Min Lin ◽  
Zhi Du ◽  
Li Jing ◽  
Yuanmeng Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Liaoning Province ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

ObjectiveTo evaluate the epidemiology of atrial fibrillation (AF) in northeast China.MethodsThis cross-sectional survey using a multistage, stratified and cluster random sampling method was conducted in Liaoning Province between September 2017 and March 2019. A total of 18 796 participants (28.9% urban, 71.1% rural) aged ≥40 years were included. All participants completed a questionnaire and underwent a physical examination and ECG. AF was diagnosed according to history and ECG findings.ResultsThe overall AF prevalence was 1.1%; it increased steeply with age. AF was more prevalent in men than in women (1.5% vs 0.9%, p<0.001); however, the difference between urban and rural areas was not significant (1.3% vs 1.1%, p=0.228). Among the AF population, the overall AF awareness rate was 52.6%, higher in women than in men (61.5% vs 44.1%, p=0.011); however, the difference between areas was not statistically significant (60.0% vs 49.0%, p=0.129). According to the CHA2DS-VASc score, almost all (90.2%, 194/215) of our subjects required oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy; however, only 4.1% actually received it. Moreover, hypertension (66.5%), dyslipidaemia (32.6%) and diabetes (24.2%) were highly prevalent in patients with AF, but their control rates were unacceptably low (7.0%, 8.6% and 28.8%, respectively).ConclusionsThe burden of AF in northeast China was substantial. Underuse of OAC therapy and uncontrolled comorbidities will likely contribute to the cardiovascular outcomes of patients with AF in the coming decades. Long-term management strategies for AF and related risk factors are required in northeast China.

Anisometropia in the 5th and 6th school years

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A F Nunes ◽  
A S Nunes ◽  
P Monteiro ◽  
C R Martins ◽  
H Forte
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Introduction Anisometropia is characterized by a refractive inter ocular difference greater than 1.00 dioptre (D). It is the main cause of amblyopia and loss of binocular vision. Its prevalence depends on several factors, being different values in different geographical areas of the world and in different age groups. Objectives To estimate the frequency of anisometropia in children of the 2nd cycle of Basic Education. Methodology A total of 519 children attending the 5th and 6th school years, from Covilhã schools, from urban and rural areas, aged between 9 and 14 years (10.8 ± 0.8 years) were enrolled in the study. The refractive error was measured with a paediatric auto refractometer (Plusoptix), without cycloplegic and in binocular conditions. Anisometropia was defined as the inter ocular difference in spherical equivalent or cylindrical, greater than 1.00 D and a separate analysis for values greater than 2.00 D. Results The sample was symmetrically divided into genders (50.9% Male), between school grade (53% 5th year) and higher in urban areas (70.1%). The prevalence of anisometropia with cut-off points of 1.00 D and 2.00 D was 12.3% and 5.0%, respectively. There was a higher prevalence among males, in rural areas and in 6th grade. The Chi-square test (□2) shows that the difference is statistically significant only between years of schooling, with a higher prevalence in the 6th grade (p = 0.001). Conclusion There was a slightly higher prevalence of spherical and cylindrical anisometropia (5% and 12.3%) than is reported in the literature (rates between 4.4% and 9.4%). The 6th school year presented rates significantly higher than the 5th year, which points out that anisometropia increases with age, as was also advocated by other authors. Visual screening programs in adolescence for the detection of anisometropia are fundamental, since their timely correction allows to safeguard the binocular vision.

scholarly journals Generational Difference of Axial Length and Its Risk Factors in Urban and Rural China

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong Lin ◽  
Balamurali Vasudevan ◽  
Kenneth J Ciuffreda ◽  
Tie Ying Gao ◽  
Hong Jia Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Multivariable Regression ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Purpose. To compare the axial length difference (ALD) and the estimated generational axial length shift (ALS) from parents to their children and its risk factors in urban and rural China. Methods. Participants were enrolled from two longitudinal cohort studies, the Beijing Myopia Progression Study (BMPS) and the Handan Offspring Myopia Study (HOMS). Ocular biometry was performed in both parents and their children. ALD was defined as the difference between the children’s axial length and the corresponding parental axial length. Generational ALS was estimated according to a binominal prediction model at 18 years of age. Results. 237 and 380 urban and rural Chinese children (6–17 years) and their parents from the BMPS and HOMS, respectively, were enrolled. Children’s axial length was estimated to be closest to the parental axial length at 11 and 9 years of age in the urban and rural areas, respectively; the estimated generational ALS would be 1.53 and 0.57 mm, respectively. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that older children (urban β = 0.26, p<0.001; rural β = 0.11, p<0.001) and males had larger ALD (urban β = 0.55, p<0.001; rural β = 0.52, p<0.001) in both areas. Furthermore, urban children with more educated parents (fathers: β = −0.30, p=0.002; mothers: β = −0.29, p=0.004) and more outdoor activity (β = −0.23, p=0.006) had a less ALD. Conclusions. The urban generational axial length shift was estimated to be approximately 1 mm longer than that of the rural area. These results suggest different environmental effects on the ocular development in these two populations of Chinese children.

A Study on the Difference of Urban and Rural Resilience under Climate Change- A Case Study of Chiayi County

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-En Pai ◽  
Hsueh-Sheng Chang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
International Strategy ◽  
Sendai Framework ◽  
Resilience Index ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;In recent years, the impact of climate change has caused critical risks to urban and rural systems, how to mitigate the damage caused by extreme climate events has become a topic of considerable concern in various countries in recent years. The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) mentioned in the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (Sendai Framework) that improving community resilience will help to deal with the harm caused by climate change. However, most of the previous research on resilience have only focused solely on urban or rural only, and have failed to clearly identify the differences in resilience between urban and rural areas. In fact, if we can understand the difference in resilience between urban and rural in the face of climate change, it will provide planners with better planning strategies or resource allocation. Based on this, the study first developed the resilience index through literature review, and then filtered and screened the index through Principle Component Analysis (PCA). After that, the resilience index was applied to empirical areas, and the spatial correlation of resilience was explored through Local Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA). Finally, the binary logistic regression is used to analyze the difference in resilience of urban or rural under climate change.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Development of Life Skills Program for Primary School Students: Focus on Entry Programming

Computers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Nam-gyeong Gim
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Elementary School Students ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Life Skills ◽  
School Teacher ◽  
Online Classes ◽  
School Students ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Life Skills Program

There are areas where the competencies obtained through computer coding activities substantially overlap with life skills components. Studies of these common competencies have suggested the possibility of including these contents in a life skills program. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a program through the Entry program that elementary school students could use online to improve their life skills, given the need to increase contactless online classes due to COVID-19. Eight elementary school teachers with 20 years of experience and two curriculum experts participated in the program’s development. For data collection, 360 data points were collected from eight elementary schools located in each Korean province, including urban and rural areas. SPSS 21.0 was used to analyze the data. Upon completing the 8-week program, the difference in life skills between groups was confirmed using variance analysis based on the number of implementation times, and post-hoc testing was conducted. The study’s results confirmed the difference between the groups conducted for two weeks (M = 3.22), four weeks (M = 3.25), and six weeks (M = 3.67), and the group conducted for eight weeks (M = 3.83). In other words, as the number of weeks of participation in the life skills program increased, there was a difference between groups. These findings suggest a life skills program could be included as part of Entry based computer coding activities for elementary school students through a backward curriculum. In conclusion, this study showed the possibility of using contactless online classes with free Entry-based websites to improve the life skills of elementary school students struggling at home due to COVID-19. It also showed that each elementary school teacher could operate the life skills programs as a contactless learning method using a free coding platform and manual.

scholarly journals Difference in PM2.5 Variations between Urban and Rural Areas over Eastern China from 2001 to 2015

Atmosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changqing Lin ◽  
Alexis Lau ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Jimmy Fung ◽  
Chengcai Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Spatial Difference ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

To more effectively reduce population exposure to PM2.5, control efforts should target densely populated urban areas. In this study, we took advantage of satellite-derived PM2.5 data to assess the difference in PM2.5 variations between urban and rural areas over eastern China during the past three Five-Year Plan (FYP) periods (2001–2015). The results show that urban areas experienced less of a decline in PM2.5 concentration than rural areas did in more than half of the provinces during the 11th FYP period (2006–2010). In contrast, most provinces experienced a greater reduction of PM2.5 concentration in urban areas than in rural areas during the 10th and 12th FYP periods (2001–2005 and 2011–2015, respectively). During the recent 12th FYP period, the rates of decline in PM2.5 concentration in urban areas were more substantial than in rural areas by as much as 1.5 μg·m−3·year−1 in Beijing and 2.0 μg·m−3·year−1 in Tianjin. These results suggest that the spatial difference in PM2.5 change was conducive to a reduction in the population exposure to PM2.5 in most provinces during recent years.

scholarly journals ANALIZA PORÓWNAWCZA STANU SŁUŻBY ZDROWIA W WOJEWÓDZTWACH

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Marta Wójcik
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
The State ◽  
State Of Health ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The article compares the state of health care in selected thematic areas in voivodeships. It focuses on 2 main aspects, such as: health care expenses and the number of specialists. The analysis was carried out on data from 2018-2019. Its aim was to group voivodships according to selected variables regarding the state of health care. Their geographical location and demography were analyzed. The difference between the state of health care in urban and rural areas was featured.

scholarly journals Differences in maternal mortality between urban and rural areas: Analysis of  Maternal Mortality based in Jinan, China in 1995- 2018

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihua Zhang ◽  
Tingting Zhen ◽  
Qinyou Meng ◽  
Shimin Yang ◽  
Jiaxue Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Maternal Death ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Maternal Deaths ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background: Although a large number of studies have shown that maternal mortality in rural areas is higher than that in urban areas, few reports discussed about the detailed situation and the behind causes. Here, we summarized the maternal mortality from 1995 to 2018 in Jinan and the reason behind it was deeply discussed. It is expected to reveal the difference and its behind reasons, thus providing a basis for policy makers to develop interventions. Methods: Data about maternal mortality in the selected city from 1995 to 2018 were collected through the local maternal and child health care network. Maternal death age, maternal death delivery location, maternal death location, number of pregnancies, number of deliveries and maternal death causes were analyzed. The composition ratio of above factors were compared in order to indicate the differences between rural areas and urban areas. Results: The study showed that 75.34% of maternal deaths in urban areas occurred in tertiary hospitals, which were 2.13 times higher than that in rural areas(P<0.05). 16.67% of maternal deaths in rural areas delivered in primary hospitals, which were 12.17 times higher than that in urban areas (P<0.05) . The main cause of death in rural areas were attributed to direct obstetrics reasons, which were indirect obstetric reasons for urban areas (P<0.05). There was no difference of maternal deaths in the death age, number of births, and number of pregnancies between rural areas and urban areas.(P>0.05) Conclusion: Policy makers should focus on the construction of medical institutions in rural areas, the improvement of rescue capabilities in rural areas and the convenience of transport in rural areas in order to narrow the gap between rural and urban areas. Key words: Maternal Mortality; Differences between urban and rural areas; China

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