中国现有温室气体减排的政策措施与气候立法<br>The Current Policy Measures of Greenhouse Gases Emission Reduction and Climate Change Legislation in China

2012 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 22-32
Author(s):  
曹 明德
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Current Policy ◽  
Policy Measures

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Eelco J. Rohling
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Is Implementation

This chapter outlines the challenge facing us. The Paris Agreement sets a target maximum of 2°C global warming and a preferred limit of 1.5°C. Yet, the subsequent combined national pledges for emission reduction suffice only for limiting warming to roughly 3°C. And because most nations are falling considerably short of meeting their pledges, even greater warming may become locked in. Something more drastic and wide-ranging is needed: a multi-pronged strategy. These different prongs to the climate-change solution are introduced in this chapter and explored one by one in the following chapters. First is rapid, massive reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Second is implementation of ways to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. Third may be increasing the reflectivity of Earth to incoming sunlight, to cool certain places down more rapidly. In addition, we need to protect ourselves from climate-change impacts that have already become inevitable.

scholarly journals Greenhouse gases reduction through waste management in Croatia

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Anic-Vucinic ◽  
Andrea Hublin ◽  
Nikola Ruzinski
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Greenhouse Gases Emissions ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
The Republic

The climate change policy is one of the key factors in the achievement of sustainable development in the Republic of Croatia. Control and mitigation of greenhouse gases is correlated with all economy activities. Waste management is one of the main tasks of environmental protection in Croatia. The Waste Management Strategy of the Republic of Croatia and the Waste Management Plan in the Republic of Croatia define the concept of waste management hierarchy and direct and indirect measures as criteria for sustainable waste management establishment. The main constituent of this system is avoiding and minimizing waste, as well as increasing the recycling and recovery level of waste and landfill gas, which also represent greenhouse gases mitigation measures. The Waste Management Plan consists of several direct and indirect measures for greenhouse gases emission reduction and their implementation also affects the greenhouse gases emissions. The contribution of the methane emission from landfills amounts to about 2% of the total greenhouse gases emissions in Croatia. The climate change control and mitigation measures as an integral part of waste management sector strategies represent the measures of achieving the national objectives towards greenhouse gases emission reduction which Croatia has accepted in the framework of the Kyoto Protocol.

scholarly journals Global Warming is an Energy Conundrum

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Jan-Erik Lane
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Anthropogenic Source

Climate change is at its core an energy problematic. The main anthropogenic source of greenhouse gases is energy consumption. It is vital, because it makes affluence and wealth feasible. Energy demand is projected to double by 2050 at the same time as governments have obliged themselves to drastic decarbonisation. The risk is obvious that energy demand trumps emission reduction.

scholarly journals Transport as a Factor in the Achievement of the EU Goals to Combat Climate Changes and to Reduce Greenhouse Gases Emissions

2019 ◽  
pp. 79-96
Author(s):  
Barbara Pawłowska ◽  
Michał Suchanek
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Climate Policy ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Eu

One of the priorities of the “Europe 2020” strategy is to combat climate change and to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. The key elements for the climate policy framework for the European Commission for 2020 are as follows: (1) reducing GHG emissions by 40% in comparison to the level in 1990; (2) increasing the share of renewable energy in the use of final energy to 27%; (3) increasing the energetic efficiency by 27%. Those are ambitious goals which will require the Member States to increase their efforts in all the sectors of the economy. In 2015 the GHG emissions in the EU fell by 23.7% in comparison to the level in 1990. All the sectors, apart from the transport sector contributed to the emission reduction in the years 1990–2015. The transport emission increased by 13.3% in that period in comparison to the year 1990, which is particularly worrisome. This is important because the fuels use in the transport sector contributed to approximately 20% of all the GHG emissions in the EU in 2015. The article presents the factors and the tools which significantly affect the achievement of the goals set in the Green Paper: a 2030 framework for energy and climate policies, which concern the transport sector and the indicated guidelines and instruments supporting them. The road transport will be extensively analysed as it is the transport mode which shows an extraordinary growth tendency and it is a vital barrier in the achievement of the goals set in the area of “Climate change and GHG emission reduction”. The article presents the results of the research, which show the impact of various identified tools on the achievement of the threepriorities of the climate policy. The multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used, in which the dependent variables were: the GHG emission levels, the use of renewable energy and the energy intensity of transport. The results were calculated based on the data from 28 Member States and the model was verified.

scholarly journals Exploring the interactions between vulnerability, resilience and adaptation to extreme temperatures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Raquel Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Integrated Assessments ◽  
Current Deficit ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractProposed ways of improving adaptation to climate change have most often been supported by narrowly framed and separate analysis. This article investigates how different levels of vulnerability and resilience interplay with adaptation to extreme temperatures, what is the nature of these relationships and whether lower vulnerability and higher resilience contribute to increased adaptation. This article explores the governance implications of a project that, unlike other, brings together vulnerability, resilience and adaptation assessments. The project has made significant advances in addressing the current deficit integrated assessments for shaping governance propositions. Such propositions argue that the diverse levels of vulnerability and resilience convey important bases for (1) targeting at-risk older individuals; (2) developing vulnerability reduction actions; (3) resilience building actions; and (4) understanding ‘success cases’ and learn from them for developing appropriate policy measures. Taken together, these propositions offer a social, psychological and health framework not simply for governing extreme temperatures but for governing responses to climate change at large.

scholarly journals Sustainable healthcare – Time for ‘Green Podiatry’

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Margaret Evans
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Allied Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Allied Health Professionals ◽  
Foot Health

Abstract Background Healthcare aims to promote good health and yet demonstrably contributes to climate change, which is purported to be ‘the biggest global health threat of the 21st century’. This is happening now, with healthcare as an industry representing 4.4% of global carbon dioxide emissions. Main body Climate change promotes health deficits from many angles; however, primarily it is the use of fossil fuels which increases atmospheric carbon dioxide (also nitrous oxide, and methane). These greenhouse gases prevent the earth from cooling, resulting in the higher temperatures and rising sea levels, which then cause ‘wild weather’ patterns, including floods, storms, and droughts. Particular vulnerability is afforded to those already health compromised (older people, pregnant women, children, wider health co-morbidities) as well as populations closer to equatorial zones, which encompasses many low-and-middle-income-countries. The paradox here, is that poorer nations by spending less on healthcare, have lower carbon emissions from health-related activity, and yet will suffer most from global warming effects, with scant resources to off-set the increasing health care needs. Global recognition has forged the Paris agreement, the United Nations sustainable developments goals, and the World Health Organisation climate change action plan. It is agreed that most healthcare impact comes from consumption of energy and resources, and the production of greenhouse gases into the environment. Many professional associations of medicine and allied health professionals are advocating for their members to lead on environmental sustainability; the Australian Podiatry Association is incorporating climate change into its strategic direction. Conclusion Podiatrists, as allied health professionals, have wide community engagement, and hence, can model positive environmental practices, which may be effective in changing wider community behaviours, as occurred last century when doctors stopped smoking. As foot health consumers, our patients are increasingly likely to expect more sustainable practices and products, including ‘green footwear’ options. Green Podiatry, as a part of sustainable healthcare, directs us to be responsible energy and product consumers, and reduce our workplace emissions.

scholarly journals Consumer willingness-to-pay for restaurant surcharges to reduce carbon emissions: default and information effects

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Dede Long ◽  
Grant H. West ◽  
Rodolfo M. Nayga
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Contingent Valuation ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Dichotomous Choice ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Agriculture And Food

Abstract The agriculture and food sectors contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. About 15 percent of food-related carbon emissions are channeled through restaurants. Using a contingent valuation (CV) method with double-bounded dichotomous choice (DBDC) questions, this article investigates U.S. consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for an optional restaurant surcharge in support of carbon emission reduction programs. The mean estimated WTP for a surcharge is 6.05 percent of an average restaurant check, while the median WTP is 3.64 percent. Our results show that individuals have a higher WTP when the surcharge is automatically added to restaurant checks. We also find that an information nudge—a short climate change script—significantly increases WTP. Additionally, our results demonstrate that there is heterogeneity in treatment effects across consumers’ age, environmental awareness, and economic views. Our findings suggest that a surcharge program could transfer a meaningful amount of the agricultural carbon reduction burden to consumers that farmers currently shoulder.

scholarly journals Are there similarities between the Corona and the climate crisis?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Decision Procedures ◽  
Free Rider ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Look Back ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Climate Crisis

AbstractIn this short paper, I look back at the early stages of the Corona crisis, around early February 2020, and compare the situation with the climate crisis. Although these two problems unfold on a completely different timescale (weeks in the case of Corona, decades in the case of climate change), I find some rather striking similarities between these two problems, related with issues such as uncertainty, free-rider incentives, and disincentives of politicians to adequately address the respective issue with early, farsighted and possibly harsh policy measures. I then argue that for complex problems with certain characteristics, it may be necessary to establish novel political decision procedures that sidestep the normal, day-to-day political proceedings. These would be procedures that actively involve experts, and lower the involvement of political parties as far as possible to minimize the decision-makers’ disincentives.

scholarly journals Effect of Green Construction on a Building’s Carbon Emission and Its Price at Materialization

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 642
Author(s):  
Shuangxi Zhou ◽  
Zhenzhen Guo ◽  
Yang Ding ◽  
Jingliang Dong ◽  
Jianming Le ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Carbon Trading ◽  
Construction Companies ◽  
Green Construction ◽  
The World ◽  
Total Price

Buildings consume many resources and generate greenhouse gases during construction. One of the main sources of greenhouse gases is carbon emission associated with buildings. This research is based on the computing rule of carbon emission at the materialization stage. By taking the features of green construction into consideration, quantitative analysis on construction carbon emission was undertaken via Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Making use of Vensim (a system dynamics software package), we analyzed the amount of carbon emission at the materialization stage and determined the major subsystems affecting the carbon emission, then took into comprehensive consideration the differences of each subsystem’s carbon emission under different construction technologies. Under the mechanism of carbon trade at the materialization stage, the total price of carbon trades remains unchanged, while the trading price of each subsystem is adjusted. Under these conditions, a coefficient for step-wise increases in carbon price was proposed. By establishing such a system of gradient prices, construction companies are encouraged to adopt high-efficiency emission reduction technologies. Meanwhile, the system also provides a reference for the formulation of price-based policies about buildings’ carbon trading, and accelerates the process of energy conservation and emission reduction in China and the world at large.

scholarly journals Drivers of changes in stratospheric and tropospheric ozone between year 2000 and 2100

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 2727-2746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antara Banerjee ◽  
Amanda C. Maycock ◽  
Alexander T. Archibald ◽  
N. Luke Abraham ◽  
Paul Telford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Climate Forcing ◽  
Atmospheric Response ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Ozone Precursor ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances ◽  
Year 2000

Abstract. A stratosphere-resolving configuration of the Met Office's Unified Model (UM) with the United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosols (UKCA) scheme is used to investigate the atmospheric response to changes in (a) greenhouse gases and climate, (b) ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and (c) non-methane ozone precursor emissions. A suite of time-slice experiments show the separate, as well as pairwise, impacts of these perturbations between the years 2000 and 2100. Sensitivity to uncertainties in future greenhouse gases and aerosols is explored through the use of the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. The results highlight an important role for the stratosphere in determining the annual mean tropospheric ozone response, primarily through stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) of ozone. Under both climate change and reductions in ODSs, increases in STE offset decreases in net chemical production and act to increase the tropospheric ozone burden. This opposes the effects of projected decreases in ozone precursors through measures to improve air quality, which act to reduce the ozone burden. The global tropospheric lifetime of ozone (τO3) does not change significantly under climate change at RCP4.5, but it decreases at RCP8.5. This opposes the increases in τO3 simulated under reductions in ODSs and ozone precursor emissions. The additivity of the changes in ozone is examined by comparing the sum of the responses in the single-forcing experiments to those from equivalent combined-forcing experiments. Whilst the ozone responses to most forcing combinations are found to be approximately additive, non-additive changes are found in both the stratosphere and troposphere when a large climate forcing (RCP8.5) is combined with the effects of ODSs.

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