scholarly journals Determination of BTEX Pollutants in Ambient Air of The Holy City of Makkah

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
M. A. Hassanien M. A. Hassanien
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hajj Season ◽  
First Time ◽  
Holy City

This study briefly aims to analyze the atmospheric BTEX pollutants (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, o, m, p-Xylene for the first time in Makkah and Saudi Arabia. It was carried out at three sampling locations (Al-Shebakah, Al-Azizia, and Mina) during Hajj season 1431H. Ambient air was adsorbed on adsorbent tubes and analyzed on GC–MS. The mean concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and ? xylene in Al-Shebakah were 8.11; 15.85; 9.20 and 8.45, respectively, during day time and 31.44; 37.80; 42.03 and 38.71 µg/m3 during night time, respectively. The measured values in Al-Azizia, were 11.75; 9.42; 18.8 and 33.49 during day time, meanwhile, they were 4.78; 6.67; 8.45; and 18.56 µg/m3, respectively during night time. The third location Mina, the obtained values were 3.16; 8.07; 6.20; and 5.55 during day time and 34.03; 52.39; 35.52; and 64.51 µg/m3 during night time, respectively. The present study indicated that exposure to aromatic VOCs is to large extent influenced by different activities, weather conditions and diurnal variation in Makkah. In conclusion, the high levels of VOCs in the holy city are sufficient to represent a degree of risk to the pilgrims as well as the local populations and a more comprehensive studies all over the year would be required for better quantifying the problem.

scholarly journals Potential Fertilization Capacity of Two Grapevine Varieties: Effects on Agricultural Production in Designation of Origin Areas in the Northwestern Iberian Peninsula

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 961
Author(s):  
J. Antonio Cortiñas Rodríguez ◽  
María Fernández-González ◽  
Estefanía González-Fernández ◽  
Rosa A. Vázquez-Ruiz ◽  
F. Javier Rodríguez-Rajo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Airborne Pollen ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Fertilization Capacity

In the present study, we analyzed the main parameters related with the potential fertilization ability of two grapevine varieties, Godello and Mencía, during the years 2017 and 2018. The research was carried out in two vineyards of the Galician winegrowing Designation of Origin areas of Ribeiro and Ribeira Sacra. Ten vines of each variety were selected for bunch and flower counting, pollen calculations, pollen viability studies by means of aceto-carmine (AC) stain and 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) methods, and the determination of their germination rate. In all vineyards the 50% fruitset was reached, except for Godello in Cenlle during 2017. The mean coulure value was higher for Godello (40.5%) than for Mencía (31%). Analyzing the pollen production per plant and airborne pollen levels, we observed important discordances between them, which can be due to the influence of weather conditions and be related with self-pollination processes. We found important differences on pollen viability depending on the applied method and variety, with higher values for the AC method than the TTC for both varieties in all study plots, and higher values for Mencía variety than Godello. Regarding germination rates, we observed a marked reduction in 2017 with respect to 2018, in all study sites and for both varieties. The analyzed parameters were useful to explain the different productive abilities of Godello and Mencía varieties in the two studied bioclimatic regions of Ribeiro and Ribeira Sacra.

scholarly journals Identification and quantification of organic pollutants in the air of the city of Astana using solid phase microextraction

2017 ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
Dina Orazbayeva ◽  
Ulzhalgas Karatayeva ◽  
Kulzhan Beysembayeva ◽  
Kulyash Meyramkulova
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
The City

Solid-phase microextraction in combination with gas chromatography and mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene (BTEX), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and for identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air of the city of Astana, Kazakhstan. The screening of the samples showed the presence of mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes, alkenes, phenols, and benzaldehydes. The concentrations of naphthalene were 5-7 times higher than the permissible value, it was detected in all studied air samples. Average concentration of naphthalene was 18.4 μg/m3, acenaphthylene – 0.54 μg/m3, acenaphthene – 1.63 μg/m3, fluorene – 0.79 μg/m3, anthracene – 3.27 μg/m3, phenanthrene – 0.22 μg/m3, fluorantene – 0.74 μg/m3, pyrene – 0.73 μg/m3. Average concentrations of BTEX in the studied samples were 31.1, 84.9, 10.8 and 11.6 μg/m3, respectively. Based on the statistical analysis of the concentrations of BTEX and PAH, the main source of city air pollution with them was assumed to be vehicle emissions.

Euphausiids in the Coral and Tasman Seas during May 1972, I. Horizontal and Vertical Distribution

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 551 ◽  
Author(s):  
FB Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Mouth Opening ◽  
Migration Pattern ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Diel Migration ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
First Time ◽  
Horizontal And Vertical Distribution

Thirty-three species belonging to seven genera of euphausiids were collected at two stations, 20� S.,153� E. and 33� 40'S.,153� E., during May 1972 off the east Australian coast. In all, 33 hauls at the northern station and 21 at the southern station were made with a mouth-opening-losing Tucker trawl at various depths between the surface and 400 m. The hauls were grouped into four time periods: dawn (0401-1000 h), noon (1001-1600 h), dusk (1601-2000 h) and midnight (2001-0400 h). The mean number of euphausiids of all species was 20.78 per 1000 m³ at 33� 40's. and 18.34 per 1000 m³ at 20%. Night-time abundances were greater than day-time abundances at both stations. Twenty-five species were found at the northern station and 29 species at the southern station. Four species, Thysanopoda astylata, T. obtusifrons, T. monacantha, and Nernatoscelis atlantica, were found only at the northern station and eight species, Thysanopoda acutifrons, T. orientalis, Pseudeuphausia latifrons, Euphausia recurva, E. pseudogibba, E. similis variety armata, E. spinifera, and Nematoscelis megalops were found only at the southern station. Euphausia similis is reported from 20� CS..153� E. for the first time. The abundance of 14 species was large enough to allow examination of their diel migration patterns. Only one, Stylocheiron abbreviatum; did not show evidence of a diurnal migration pattern. Thysanoesa gregaria exhibited a probable reversed-migration pattern.

Beam–foil spectroscopy of sulfur in the vacuum ultraviolet

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 805-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. G. Irwin ◽  
A. E. Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Time Resolution ◽  
Vacuum Ultraviolet ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Isoelectronic Sequence ◽  
Resolution Capability ◽  
The Mean ◽  
First Time ◽  
Absorption Oscillator Strength ◽  
Beam Foil

We report mean-life results for 16 terms in S III–S VI, obtained from vacuum ultraviolet transitions in sulfur excited by beam–foil interaction. Ten of the mean lives have been measured for the first time. Many of the mean lives reported here are in the neighborhood of 0.1 ns, beyond the time resolution capability of a previous experiment, as indicated by comparison of results for five of the remaining six terms. For those transitions that are unbranched. we have computed the absorption oscillator strength and we discuss the values in the context of isoelectronic-sequence trends. In an appendix, we discuss the determination of short mean lives and describe the apparatus we have developed to measure them, and its limitations.

Characterization of 10 Biogenic Amines in Male Silkworm Moth by HPLC with Precolumn Derivatization

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 608-614
Author(s):  
Mingqin Fan ◽  
Yun Ai ◽  
Wenjie Zhao ◽  
Yanni Sun ◽  
Jianli Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biogenic Amines ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Precolumn Derivatization ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Toxic Potential ◽  
First Time

Background: Biogenic Amines (BAs) are biologically active nitrogenous organic compounds of low molecular weight, which are frequently found in a wide variety of foods, beverages and herbs due to their toxic potential in humans. Male Silkworm Moth (MSM), a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), has been exploited and utilized as nutritious liquor based on its traditional effects in the Chinese community. Objective: The objective of this study was to develop an HPLC with Dns-Cl derivatization method for characterizing overall BAs in MSM and providing data for further evaluating its activities and safety profiles. Methods: The method has acceptable sensitivity, precision, accuracy, selectivity and recovery, and was successfully applied to the determination of the BAs contents in MSM for the first time. Results: In the analysis of 10 batches of MSM samples, serotonin and dopamine were not found in detectable concentrations in any samples, and the most abundant amine found was putrescine. The mean values of tryptamine, phenylethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine, and spermine determined in the samples were found to be 34.7 mg/ kg, 16.1 mg/ kg, 218.3 mg/ kg, 37.9 mg/ kg, 12.1 mg/ kg, 18.2 mg/ kg, 4.5mg/ kg, and 0.9 mg/ kg, respectively. Conclusion: The contents of BAs in 10 batches of MSM were below the maximum recommended limits, and MSM can be used safely.

Determination of Benzene, Toluene and Xylene in Ambient Air of Calcutta for Three Years During Winter

1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Chattopadhyay ◽  
G. Samanta ◽  
S. Chatterjee ◽  
D. Chakraborti
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Air ◽  
Benzene Toluene

Determination of BTEX Pollutants in Ambient Air of The Holy City of Makkah

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Habeebullah ◽  
M. Hassanien
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Air ◽  
Holy City

scholarly journals EFFECT OF COVID-19 LOCKDOWN ON AIR QUALITY IN URBAN AND SUBURBAN AREAS OF EXTREMADURA, SOUTHWEST SPAIN: A CASE STUDY IN USUALLY LOW POLLUTED AREAS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Cerrato-Álvarez ◽  
Conrado Miró-Rodríguez ◽  
Eduardo Pinilla-Gil
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Benzene Toluene

Lockdown measures were established in Spain from 14th March 2020, to flatten the pandemic curve of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The increasingly stringent implementation of these measures has made it possible to assess the effect of anthropogenic activities on the most relevant air pollutants present in ambient air. Whereas most published reports focus on highly polluted urban areas, the present work aims to quantify variations in the levels of NO2, O3 and BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene) due to the COVID-19 lockdown in usually low polluted urban and suburban areas within Extremadura (Spain). Compared to the reference period from 2010 to 2019, significant reductions in NO2 levels occurred in the suburban stations of Badajoz, Cáceres, Mérida, Plasencia and Zafra (–50.4 %, –71.6 %, –55.2 %, –64.6 % and –51.8 %, respectively), likely due to the limitation of road traffic as the primary source of nitrogen oxides (NOx). These percentages of reduction are similar to data reported in high polluted areas. Similarly, O3 levels have decreased slightly by –9.9 % in Badajoz, –9.5 % in Mérida and –18.2 % in the Monfragüe National Park. The reduction in O3 levels may be due to a decrease in NOx limiting atmospheric conditions and the influence of weather conditions (high cloudiness and rainy days) during the lockdown period. No defined trend was observed for VOCs (BTX), probably due to the very low levels of these contaminants, close to the detection limit both during the lockdown and the reference periods.

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