scholarly journals Auxin transport-dependent, stage-specific dynamics of leaf vein formation

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 286-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan G. Sawchuk ◽  
Tyler J. Donner ◽  
Enrico Scarpella
Keyword(s):  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Vein Formation

Auxin biosynthesis and cellular efflux act together to regulate leaf vein patterning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Kneuper ◽  
William Teale ◽  
Jonathan Edward Dawson ◽  
Ryuji Tsugeki ◽  
Eleni Katifori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Auxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Enzyme Expression ◽  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Vein Formation ◽  
Specific Accumulation ◽  
Vein Patterning ◽  
Distal Cell

Abstract Our current understanding of vein development in leaves is based on canalization of the plant hormone auxin into self-reinforcing streams which determine the sites of vascular cell differentiation. By comparison, how auxin biosynthesis affects leaf vein patterning is less well understood. Here, after observing that inhibiting polar auxin transport rescues the sparse leaf vein phenotype in auxin biosynthesis mutants, we propose that the processes of auxin biosynthesis and cellular auxin efflux work in concert during vein development. By using computational modeling, we show that localized auxin maxima are able to interact with mechanical forces generated by the morphological constraints which are imposed during early primordium development. This interaction is able to explain four fundamental characteristics of midvein morphology in a growing leaf: (i) distal cell division; (ii) coordinated cell elongation; (iii) a midvein positioned in the center of the primordium; and (iv) a midvein which is distally branched. Domains of auxin biosynthetic enzyme expression are not positioned by auxin canalization, as they are observed before auxin efflux proteins polarize. This suggests that the site-specific accumulation of auxin, as regulated by the balanced action of cellular auxin efflux and local auxin biosynthesis, is crucial for leaf vein formation.

scholarly journals Tissue specific auxin biosynthesis regulates leaf vein patterning

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Kneuper ◽  
William Teale ◽  
Jonathan Edward Dawson ◽  
Ryuji Tsugeki ◽  
Klaus Palme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Auxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cell Stiffness ◽  
List Type ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Vein Formation ◽  
Vein Patterning ◽  
Context Specific

SummaryThe plant hormone auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) has a profound influence over plant cell growth and differentiation. Current understanding of vein development in leaves is based on the canalization of auxin into self-reinforcing streams which determine the sites of vascular cell differentiation. However, the role of auxin biosynthesis during leaf development in the context of leaf vein patterning has not been much studied so far. Here we characterize the context specific importance of auxin biosynthesis, auxin transport and mechanical regulations in a growing leaf. We show that domains of auxin biosynthesis predict the positioning of vascular cells. In mutants that have reduced capacity in auxin biosynthesis, leaf vein formation is decreased. While exogenous application of auxin does not compensate the loss of vein formation in auxin biosynthesis mutants, inhibition of polar auxin transport does compensate the vein-less phenotype, suggesting that the site-specific accumulation of auxin, which is likely to be mainly caused by the local auxin biosynthesis, is important for leaf vein formation. Our computational model of midvein development brings forth the interplay of cell stiffness and auxin dependent cell division. We propose that local auxin biosynthesis has the integral role in leaf vascular development.HighlightsBuilt spatially and temporally resolved auxin biosynthesis map in growing leaf primordium of Arabidopsis.Expression domains of auxin biosynthetic enzymes within primordia strongly correlated with leaf vein initiation.Results show that domains of auxin biosynthesis within primordia drive leaf vein initiation and patterning.Highlights and eTOC BlurbUsing modelling and a spatiotemporal analysis of auxin biosynthesis and transport, Kneuper et al. show that tissue specific auxin biosynthesis defines places of vein initiation hence underlining the importance of auxin concentration in vein initiation.

Auxin-transport-dependent leaf vein formationThis paper is one of a selection published in a Special Issue comprising papers presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society of Plant Physiologists (CSPP) held at the University of Ottawa, Ontario, in June 2008.

Botany ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (7) ◽  
pp. 678-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler J. Donner ◽  
Enrico Scarpella
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Plant Signaling ◽  
Canadian Society ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Vein Formation ◽  
The University ◽  
Selection Of

The formation of vein patterns in leaves has captivated biologists, mathematicians, and philosophers. In leaf development, files of vein-forming procambial cells emerge from within a seemingly homogeneous subepidermal tissue through the selection of anatomically inconspicuous preprocambial cells. Although the molecular details underlying the orderly formation of veins in the leaf remain elusive, gradually restricted transport paths of the plant signaling molecule auxin have long been implicated in defining sites of vein differentiation. Several recent advances converge to more precisely define the role of auxin flow at successive stages of vascular development. The picture that emerges is that of vein formation as a self-organizing, reiterative, auxin-transport-dependent process.

scholarly journals Patterning of Leaf Vein Networks by Convergent Auxin Transport Pathways

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. e1003294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan G. Sawchuk ◽  
Alexander Edgar ◽  
Enrico Scarpella
Keyword(s):  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Transport Pathways ◽  
Leaf Vein

scholarly journals Shifts in leaf vein density through accelerated vein formation in C4Flaveria (Asteraceae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 1085-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athena D. McKown ◽  
Nancy G. Dengler
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Vein Density ◽  
Vein Formation ◽  
Leaf Vein Density

Vein patterning and evolution in C4 plants

Botany ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (9) ◽  
pp. 775-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athena D. McKown ◽  
Nancy G. Dengler
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Leaf Ontogeny ◽  
Vascular Patterning ◽  
Leaf Venation ◽  
Evolutionary Selection ◽  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Auxin Production ◽  
Vein Formation ◽  
Vein Patterning

The C4 photosynthetic pathway provides a platform to gain insight into the formation, regulation, and biological consequences of leaf vein pattern modification. This review examines the functional role of the vascular system in C4 photosynthesis and the development of veins in C3 and C4 plants, highlighting the contribution of vasculature in the evolution of the C4 pathway. With interest in developing C3 plant crops into C4 systems, it is essential to understand vascular patterning as a necessary element for C4 functioning. Leaf venation in C4 plants generally shows a higher vein density through a greater network complexity (more veins) compared with the ancestral C3 condition. Thus, C4 plants can provide a model that links the development of vein patterning with evolutionary selection pressures and molecular mechanisms (i.e., modifications of different components of vascular development). Numerous studies, including a comparative C3 and C4 Flaveria case study, highlight that the overall process of vein formation and patterning is complex, involving interactions between procambium and ground meristem during leaf ontogeny, and points to potential roles of changes in auxin production, transport, and perception.

scholarly journals Polar auxin transport dynamics of primary and secondary vein patterning in dicot leaves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M Holloway ◽  
Carol L Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Polar Auxin Transport ◽  
Secondary Vein ◽  
Neighbouring Cell ◽  
Transport Dynamics ◽  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Auxin Flux ◽  
Vein Patterning

Abstract The growth regulator auxin plays a central role in the phyllotaxy, shape, and venation patterns of leaves. The auxin spatial localization underlying these phenomena involves polar auxin transport (PAT) at the cellular level, particularly the preferential allocation of PIN efflux proteins to certain areas of the plasma membrane. Two general mechanisms have been studied: an up-the-gradient (UTG) allocation dependent on neighbouring-cell auxin concentrations, and a with-the-flux (WTF) allocation dependent on the flow of auxin across walls. We have developed a combined UTG+WTF model to quantify the observed auxin flows both towards (UTG) and away from (WTF) auxin maxima during primary and secondary vein patterning in leaves. The model simulates intracellular and membrane kinetics and intercellular transport, and is solved for a 2D leaf of several hundred cells. In addition to normal development, modelling of increasing PAT inhibition generates, as observed experimentally: a switch from several distinct vein initiation sites to many less-distinct sites; a delay in vein canalization; inhibited connection of new veins to old; and finally loss of patterning in the margin, loss of vein extension, and confinement of auxin to the margin. The model generates the observed formation of discrete auxin maxima at leaf vein sources and shows the dependence of secondary vein patterning on the efficacy of auxin flux through cells. Simulations of vein patterning and leaf growth further indicate that growth itself may bridge the spatial scale from the cell-cell resolution of the PIN-auxin dynamics to vein patterns on the whole-leaf scale.

scholarly journals Coordination of Tissue Cell Polarity by Auxin Transport and Signaling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Verna ◽  
Sree Janani Ravichandran ◽  
Megan G. Sawchuk ◽  
Nguyen Manh Linh ◽  
Enrico Scarpella
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Molecular Genetic Analysis ◽  
Cell Polarization ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Plant Signaling ◽  
Chemical Induction ◽  
Vein Formation ◽  
Vein Patterning

AbstractCoordination of polarity between cells in tissues is key to multicellular organism development. In animals, coordination of this tissue cell polarity often requires direct cell-cell interactions and cell movements, which are precluded in plants by a wall that separates cells and holds them in place; yet plants coordinate the polarity of hundreds of cells during the formation of the veins in their leaves. Overwhelming experimental evidence suggests that the plant signaling molecule auxin coordinates tissue cell polarity to induce vein formation, but how auxin does so is unclear. The prevailing hypothesis proposes that GNOM, a regulator of vesicle formation during protein trafficking, positions auxin transporters of the PIN-FORMED family to the correct side of the plasma membrane. The resulting cell-to-cell, polar transport of auxin would coordinate tissue cell polarity and would induce vein formation. Here we tested this hypothesis by means of a combination of cellular imaging, molecular genetic analysis, and chemical induction and inhibition. Contrary to predictions of the hypothesis, we find that auxin-induced vein formation occurs in the absence of PIN-FORMED proteins or any known intercellular auxin transporter, that the residual auxin-transport-independent vein-patterning activity relies on auxin signaling, and that a GNOM-dependent signal that coordinates tissue cell polarity to induce vein formation acts upstream of both auxin transport and signaling. Our results reveal synergism between auxin transport and signaling, and their unsuspected control by GNOM, in the coordination of tissue cell polarity during vein patterning, one of the most spectacular and informative expressions of tissue cell polarization in plants.

On the interaction of biological and mechanical factors in leaf vein formation

2020 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 102905
Author(s):  
S. Lin ◽  
L. Chen ◽  
M. Zhang ◽  
Y.M. Xie ◽  
X.D. Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Vein Formation ◽  
Mechanical Factors
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