scholarly journals Control of vein patterning by intracellular auxin transport

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. e27205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan G Sawchuk ◽  
Enrico Scarpella
Keyword(s):  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Vein Patterning

Auxin biosynthesis and cellular efflux act together to regulate leaf vein patterning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Kneuper ◽  
William Teale ◽  
Jonathan Edward Dawson ◽  
Ryuji Tsugeki ◽  
Eleni Katifori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Auxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Enzyme Expression ◽  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Vein Formation ◽  
Specific Accumulation ◽  
Vein Patterning ◽  
Distal Cell

Abstract Our current understanding of vein development in leaves is based on canalization of the plant hormone auxin into self-reinforcing streams which determine the sites of vascular cell differentiation. By comparison, how auxin biosynthesis affects leaf vein patterning is less well understood. Here, after observing that inhibiting polar auxin transport rescues the sparse leaf vein phenotype in auxin biosynthesis mutants, we propose that the processes of auxin biosynthesis and cellular auxin efflux work in concert during vein development. By using computational modeling, we show that localized auxin maxima are able to interact with mechanical forces generated by the morphological constraints which are imposed during early primordium development. This interaction is able to explain four fundamental characteristics of midvein morphology in a growing leaf: (i) distal cell division; (ii) coordinated cell elongation; (iii) a midvein positioned in the center of the primordium; and (iv) a midvein which is distally branched. Domains of auxin biosynthetic enzyme expression are not positioned by auxin canalization, as they are observed before auxin efflux proteins polarize. This suggests that the site-specific accumulation of auxin, as regulated by the balanced action of cellular auxin efflux and local auxin biosynthesis, is crucial for leaf vein formation.

scholarly journals Vein patterning by tissue-specific auxin transport

Development ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (13) ◽  
pp. dev187666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Govindaraju ◽  
Carla Verna ◽  
Tongbo Zhu ◽  
Enrico Scarpella
Keyword(s):  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Vein Patterning

scholarly journals Polar auxin transport dynamics of primary and secondary vein patterning in dicot leaves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M Holloway ◽  
Carol L Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Polar Auxin Transport ◽  
Secondary Vein ◽  
Neighbouring Cell ◽  
Transport Dynamics ◽  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Auxin Flux ◽  
Vein Patterning

Abstract The growth regulator auxin plays a central role in the phyllotaxy, shape, and venation patterns of leaves. The auxin spatial localization underlying these phenomena involves polar auxin transport (PAT) at the cellular level, particularly the preferential allocation of PIN efflux proteins to certain areas of the plasma membrane. Two general mechanisms have been studied: an up-the-gradient (UTG) allocation dependent on neighbouring-cell auxin concentrations, and a with-the-flux (WTF) allocation dependent on the flow of auxin across walls. We have developed a combined UTG+WTF model to quantify the observed auxin flows both towards (UTG) and away from (WTF) auxin maxima during primary and secondary vein patterning in leaves. The model simulates intracellular and membrane kinetics and intercellular transport, and is solved for a 2D leaf of several hundred cells. In addition to normal development, modelling of increasing PAT inhibition generates, as observed experimentally: a switch from several distinct vein initiation sites to many less-distinct sites; a delay in vein canalization; inhibited connection of new veins to old; and finally loss of patterning in the margin, loss of vein extension, and confinement of auxin to the margin. The model generates the observed formation of discrete auxin maxima at leaf vein sources and shows the dependence of secondary vein patterning on the efficacy of auxin flux through cells. Simulations of vein patterning and leaf growth further indicate that growth itself may bridge the spatial scale from the cell-cell resolution of the PIN-auxin dynamics to vein patterns on the whole-leaf scale.

scholarly journals Coordination of Tissue Cell Polarity by Auxin Transport and Signaling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Verna ◽  
Sree Janani Ravichandran ◽  
Megan G. Sawchuk ◽  
Nguyen Manh Linh ◽  
Enrico Scarpella
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Molecular Genetic Analysis ◽  
Cell Polarization ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Plant Signaling ◽  
Chemical Induction ◽  
Vein Formation ◽  
Vein Patterning

AbstractCoordination of polarity between cells in tissues is key to multicellular organism development. In animals, coordination of this tissue cell polarity often requires direct cell-cell interactions and cell movements, which are precluded in plants by a wall that separates cells and holds them in place; yet plants coordinate the polarity of hundreds of cells during the formation of the veins in their leaves. Overwhelming experimental evidence suggests that the plant signaling molecule auxin coordinates tissue cell polarity to induce vein formation, but how auxin does so is unclear. The prevailing hypothesis proposes that GNOM, a regulator of vesicle formation during protein trafficking, positions auxin transporters of the PIN-FORMED family to the correct side of the plasma membrane. The resulting cell-to-cell, polar transport of auxin would coordinate tissue cell polarity and would induce vein formation. Here we tested this hypothesis by means of a combination of cellular imaging, molecular genetic analysis, and chemical induction and inhibition. Contrary to predictions of the hypothesis, we find that auxin-induced vein formation occurs in the absence of PIN-FORMED proteins or any known intercellular auxin transporter, that the residual auxin-transport-independent vein-patterning activity relies on auxin signaling, and that a GNOM-dependent signal that coordinates tissue cell polarity to induce vein formation acts upstream of both auxin transport and signaling. Our results reveal synergism between auxin transport and signaling, and their unsuspected control by GNOM, in the coordination of tissue cell polarity during vein patterning, one of the most spectacular and informative expressions of tissue cell polarization in plants.

scholarly journals Mutation of the Rice Narrow leaf1 Gene, Which Encodes a Novel Protein, Affects Vein Patterning and Polar Auxin Transport

2008 ◽  
Vol 147 (4) ◽  
pp. 1947-1959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Qi ◽  
Qian Qian ◽  
Qingyun Bu ◽  
Shuyu Li ◽  
Qian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Polar Auxin Transport ◽  
Vein Patterning ◽  
Novel Protein

scholarly journals Coordination of tissue cell polarity by auxin transport and signaling

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Verna ◽  
Sree Janani Ravichandran ◽  
Megan G Sawchuk ◽  
Nguyen Manh Linh ◽  
Enrico Scarpella
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Cell Polarization ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Vein Formation ◽  
Dependent Signal ◽  
Vein Patterning ◽  
Auxin Transporter

Plants coordinate the polarity of hundreds of cells during vein formation, but how they do so is unclear. The prevailing hypothesis proposes that GNOM, a regulator of membrane trafficking, positions PIN-FORMED auxin transporters to the correct side of the plasma membrane; the resulting cell-to-cell, polar transport of auxin would coordinate tissue cell polarity and induce vein formation. Contrary to predictions of the hypothesis, we find that vein formation occurs in the absence of PIN-FORMED or any other intercellular auxin-transporter; that the residual auxin-transport-independent vein-patterning activity relies on auxin signaling; and that a GNOM-dependent signal acts upstream of both auxin transport and signaling to coordinate tissue cell polarity and induce vein formation. Our results reveal synergism between auxin transport and signaling, and their unsuspected control by GNOM in the coordination of tissue cell polarity during vein patterning, one of the most informative expressions of tissue cell polarization in plants.

scholarly journals Control of Leaf Vein Patterning by Regulated Plasmodesma Aperture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Manh Linh ◽  
Enrico Scarpella
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Coordinated Action ◽  
Intercellular Channels ◽  
Vein Patterning ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

To form tissue networks, animal cells migrate and interact through proteins protruding from their plasma membranes. Plant cells can do neither, yet plants form vein networks. How plants do so is unclear, but veins are thought to form by the coordinated action of the polar transport and signal transduction of the plant hormone auxin. However, plants inhibited in both pathways still form veins. Patterning of vascular cells into veins is instead prevented in mutants lacking the function of the GNOM (GN) regulator of auxin transport and signaling, suggesting the existence of at least one more GN-dependent vein-patterning pathway. Here we show that pathway depends on the movement of an auxin signal through plasmodesmata (PDs) intercellular channels. PD permeability is high where veins are forming, lowers between veins and nonvascular tissues, but remains high between vein cells. Impaired ability to regulate PD aperture leads to defects in auxin transport and signaling, ultimately leading to vein patterning defects that are enhanced by inhibition of auxin transport or signaling. GN controls PD aperture regulation, and simultaneous inhibition of auxin signaling, auxin transport, and regulated PD aperture phenocopies null gn mutants. Therefore, veins are patterned by the coordinated action of three GN-dependent pathways: auxin signaling, polar auxin transport, and movement of an auxin signal through PDs. We have identified all the key vein-patterning pathways in plants and an unprecedented mechanism of tissue network formation in multicellular organisms.

scholarly journals Tissue specific auxin biosynthesis regulates leaf vein patterning

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Kneuper ◽  
William Teale ◽  
Jonathan Edward Dawson ◽  
Ryuji Tsugeki ◽  
Klaus Palme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Auxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cell Stiffness ◽  
List Type ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Leaf Vein ◽  
Vein Formation ◽  
Vein Patterning ◽  
Context Specific

SummaryThe plant hormone auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) has a profound influence over plant cell growth and differentiation. Current understanding of vein development in leaves is based on the canalization of auxin into self-reinforcing streams which determine the sites of vascular cell differentiation. However, the role of auxin biosynthesis during leaf development in the context of leaf vein patterning has not been much studied so far. Here we characterize the context specific importance of auxin biosynthesis, auxin transport and mechanical regulations in a growing leaf. We show that domains of auxin biosynthesis predict the positioning of vascular cells. In mutants that have reduced capacity in auxin biosynthesis, leaf vein formation is decreased. While exogenous application of auxin does not compensate the loss of vein formation in auxin biosynthesis mutants, inhibition of polar auxin transport does compensate the vein-less phenotype, suggesting that the site-specific accumulation of auxin, which is likely to be mainly caused by the local auxin biosynthesis, is important for leaf vein formation. Our computational model of midvein development brings forth the interplay of cell stiffness and auxin dependent cell division. We propose that local auxin biosynthesis has the integral role in leaf vascular development.HighlightsBuilt spatially and temporally resolved auxin biosynthesis map in growing leaf primordium of Arabidopsis.Expression domains of auxin biosynthetic enzymes within primordia strongly correlated with leaf vein initiation.Results show that domains of auxin biosynthesis within primordia drive leaf vein initiation and patterning.Highlights and eTOC BlurbUsing modelling and a spatiotemporal analysis of auxin biosynthesis and transport, Kneuper et al. show that tissue specific auxin biosynthesis defines places of vein initiation hence underlining the importance of auxin concentration in vein initiation.

scholarly journals Vein Patterning by Tissue-Specific Auxin Transport

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Govindaraju ◽  
Carla Verna ◽  
Tongbo Zhu ◽  
Enrico Scarpella
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Auxin Level ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Direct Cell ◽  
Vein Patterning ◽  
Auxin Transporter ◽  
Cell Cell

AbstractUnlike in animals, in plants vein patterning does not rely on direct cell-cell interaction and cell migration; instead, it depends on the transport of the plant signal auxin, which in turn depends on the activity of the PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) auxin transporter. The current hypotheses of vein patterning by auxin transport propose that in the epidermis of the developing leaf PIN1-mediated auxin transport converges to peaks of auxin level. From those convergence points of epidermal PIN1 polarity, auxin would be transported in the inner tissues where it would give rise to major veins. Here we tested predictions of this hypothesis and found them unsupported: epidermal PIN1 expression is neither required nor sufficient for auxin-transport-dependent vein patterning, whereas inner-tissue PIN1 expression turns out to be both required and sufficient for auxin-transport-dependent vein patterning. Our results refute all vein patterning hypotheses based on auxin transport from the epidermis and suggest alternatives for future tests.

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